The sea, a body of water, symbolizes "peoples, multitudes, nations, and tongues" ( Revelation 17:15 ). For example, it says in the Psalms: The heavens declare the glory of God; the skies proclaim the work of his hands. Blog, A Salt was the ancient equivalent of refrigeration. This passage teaches that the physical environment is not destined for eternal destruction when the world we now live in ends when Jesus Christ returns. He will raise a signal for the nations and will assemble the banished of Israel, and gather the dispersed of Judah from the four corners of the earth. The Christian environmental steward also acknowledges that God will redeem both people and nature in the new heaven and earth. They view the cosmos as containing the 3 divisions of the heavens, which incorporated the sky, the heavens (as in the area which contained the moon, stars and sun), and the heavens of heavens, the place of God's dwelling. We use fish and wildlife for consumptive uses such as harvesting ocean fish for food, and hunting of wildlife on public and private lands. There are four given directions on the earth. The earth mourns and withers; the world languishes and withers; the highest people of the earth languish. What does the Bible mean when it refers to the corners of the earth? The Scriptures are clear that all men and women have sinned and fall short of Gods expectations for a righteous life (Rom. The Bible also teaches that although God allows people to utilize elements of the environment, God retains ownership of all His creation (Ps. Imagine this todaya tree that bears fruit and brings nations together in peace. Understanding and applying a Christian environmental ethic requires a proper interpretation of Biblical passages establishing and describing this basic hierarchy. Solid wastes in the form of litter are also often left behind. Geocoding Help us share the truth of Gods Word and the gospel! In the new heaven and earth that God will someday create, Scripture teaches that in addition to Christians being given new, resurrected bodies, nature will also be renewed. The shaking "pillars" of the earth in this psalm seem to be a reference to unsteadiness and unrest in society, due to the onslaught of wicked men. For his invisible attributes, namely, his eternal power and divine nature, have been clearly perceived, ever since the creation of the world, in the things that have been made. The pre-Fall harmony between people and nature will be restored (Isaiah 11). You're almost done! There are issues and problems related to managing the environment and natural resources provided by the environment to provide food for eating, paper for writing, lumber for construction, and areas for people to participate in outdoor recreation and experience aesthetic enjoyment of nature. Those who passed through the sea were freed from the fear of death. Christians should also be involved as much as possible in the process of redeeming nature here and now on earth as an expression of our own redemption and salvation and the living out of our faith (Phil. More answers. Negative consequences of poor use and management can be illustrated by thinking about the end results of not properly maintaining the life-support systems built into a house or apartment building. Each of these cycles helps to provide all that is needed to support life on earth. S A Psalm of David. We are faced in the world today with many natural resource and environmental issues and problems. The first large-scale creation ordering of interest is the Biblical hierarchy between God, people and nature. Who alone stretched out the heavens and trampled the waves of the sea; The earth was without form and void, and darkness was over the face of the deep. To replenish: make full, fill, stock with, as in: 'This man made the Newe Forest, and replenyshed it with wylde bestes' (AD1494); Gods direct involvement in natural systems did not end after the original creation period described in Genesis 1. " (Genesis 37:9,10 also Revelation 1:16, 20; Isaiah 13:1,9-10). 2:14-25). Also important is understanding the specific benefits or services provided to people by the environment and environmental systems (e.g., ecosystem services) and how people value these services. This knowledge, when put into practice, means that the Christian environmental steward respects and even loves nature out of respect and love for its creator, the triune GodFather, Son and Holy Spirit (John 14:15-17). But ask the beasts, and they will teach you; the birds of the heavens, and they will tell you; or the bushes of the earth, and they will teach you; and the fish of the sea will declare to you. Under the whole heaven he lets it go, and his lightning to the corners of the earth. Privacy Policy and Behold, to the Lord your God belong heaven and the heaven of heavens, the earth with all that is in it. In the area of environmental stewardship, a deep, personal understanding of the way God loves and sustains all of his creation gives us a new and proper perspective of the temporal and eternal value and purposes of the environment. In one sense, the Bible tells us exactly how old the Earth is. Gods concern for protecting and sustaining all living creatures was illustrated by Jesus Christ who when speaking about sparrows said that . It's the most powerful class of angels. In what follows below in this section, three general principles of a Christian environmental ethic are discussed. More insights from your Bible study - Get Started with Logos Bible Software for Free! Rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air and over every living creature that moves on the ground.. 7. What Does The Bible Mean By The Four Corners Of The Earth. This meaning is consistent with the Websters Dictionary definition of a steward as one employed in a large household or estate to manage domestic concerns. As stewards of nature, people have been appointed by God to manage the domestic environmental concerns of our planet earth home. D EARTH, n. erth. In the Book of Torah(Bible). He stretches out the north over the void and hangs the earth on nothing. Although it is a part of the Beatitudes (Matthew 5.1-12), it is not found in the Lukan parallel (Luke 6.20-23). And will come out to deceive the nations that are at the four corners of the earth, Gog and Magog, to gather them for battle; their number is like the sand of the sea. 16 But the earth helped the woman, and the earth opened its mouth and drank up the river which the dragon . In the six hundredth year of Noah's life, in the second month, on the seventeenth day of the month, on that day all the fountains of the great deep burst forth, and the windows of the heavens were opened. 1:18-20). Or it could be that the "pillars" in Psalm 75:3 are the righteous, whom the Lord promises to keep from falling. When people use a forest or park for recreation, waste by-products are emitted into the air from automobiles, recreational vehicles (RVs), all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) and motorboats. ): I am the Lord, and there is no other. In Romans 12, the Apostle Paul says, Do not conform any longer to the pattern of this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind. Who is that coming up from the wilderness, leaning on her beloved? The principles of Creation Value, Sustained Order and Purpose, and Universal Corruption and Redemption provide the foundation of a Christian environmental ethic. Although the Christian environmental steward demonstrates Godly love and care for nature, he or she does not worship nature, only God who is its creator. The word ecology is derived from the Greek root words, eco meaning house and logy meaning study. The word ecology can therefore be literally interpreted to mean house study or the study of the house. The house being referred to here is the planet earth and its natural systems. The smoke in the bible represents the glory of God in some contexts and in other contexts it represents the prayers of the saints. In both Judaism and Islam, salt seals a bargain because it's immutable. Many times, in order to find out what the Bible says about a particular subject, we must look at several different verses and piece them together like a puzzle. It is he who made the earth by his power, who established the world by his wisdom, and by his understanding stretched out the heavens. At that time Joshua spoke to the Lord in the day when the Lord gave the Amorites over to the sons of Israel, and he said in the sight of Israel, Sun, stand still at Gibeon, and moon, in the Valley of Aijalon.. Revelation 7:1 Verse Concepts Labs The earth tilted on its axis, forming the polar caps. We know that the whole creation has been groaning as in the pains of childbirth right up to the present time. More insights from your Bible study - Get Started with Logos Bible Software for Free! It designates origination, representing the realm of the earth. How did Jesus show compassion? See Donald VanDeVeer and Christine Pierce, The Environmental Ethics and Policy Book (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1998); and John Seed, Joanna Macy, Pat Fleming, and Arne Ness, Thinking Like a Mountain: Toward a Council of All Beings (Philadelphia, PA: New Society Publishers, 1988). Internet Explorer is no longer supported. And under the expanse their wings were stretched out straight, one toward another. The introduction of sin into the world and its corrupting effects on all of Gods created works shattered this harmony. As kerwin said, context is important. To effectively meet this challenge, the Christian environmental steward applies biblical values and guidance to manage both the environment and people in a positive manner. What are the pillars of the earth mentioned in the Bible? As it is said in the Scriptures, if anyone is in Christ, he is a new creation; the old has gone, the new has come! (2 Cor. The Christian environmental steward helps to utilize and manage the environment as God intended in the service of both God and people. Bless the Lord, O my soul! 2. Therefore a curse devours the earth, and its inhabitants suffer for their guilt; therefore the inhabitants of the earth are scorched, and few men are left. 3. For by him all things were created, in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or dominions or rulers or authoritiesall things were created through him and for him. Translate, And the earth helped the woman, and the earth opened her mouth, and drank up the river, &c. This is generally understood of some earthly power which is raised up to protect the Church against persecution. To the choirmaster. But subdue does not mean abuse, just as the phrase rule over in the Bible does not mean exercise tyranny over.. The ancient near eastern peoples saw a three-fold division of the entire cosmos. See us on Fox News? You're here to be salt-seasoning that brings out the God-flavors of this earth. 1 - Angels were created by God. Copyright 2002-2022 Got Questions Ministries. The earth was without form and void, and darkness was over the face of the deep. M Such viewpoints on the parity between people and nature can enter into the church as erroneous teaching. In this teaching we'll explore a crash course on the history of the Bible and why it came int 25:23; Col. 1:15-16). 21:1). But stale, book-knowledge of these principles is not enough to get the job done. Godly dominion over nature, as discussed in more detail later in this article, means that people act as stewards or caretakers of nature who are ultimately responsible to God for their use and management of the environment. 2:23). Unless otherwise indicated, all content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License. In the natural economy of Gods creation, human use and management of the environment and environmental systems can have positive or negative consequences. You know where the Sun rises, .It clearly written in the Book of Torah great sea from the east. Meekness, defined here by the King James Bible as a gentleness or the state of not being provoked easily by an enemy or oppressor, has virtually no place in a revenge-based world we live in. Can you, like him, spread out the skies, hard as a cast metal mirror? Now as to the Hebrew word itself: it is male, the simple verb fill. The end is coming on the four corners of the land. 2022 Apologetics Resource Center All Rights Reserved. What does the Bible say about fish and birds? OpenBible.info This would refer to Christ's incarnation, His "descent" to the earth. Thus says God, the Lord, who created the heavens and stretched them out, who spread out the earth and what comes from it, who gives breath to the people on it and spirit to those who walk in it: Who shakes the earth out of its place, and its pillars tremble; Say among the nations, The Lord reigns! Is this not written in the Book of Jashar? Answer: No. The bible tells a lot about smoke, in Exodus it is illustrated that the mountain smoking due to the descent in fire on the mountain. For although they knew God, they neither glorified him as God nor gave thanks to him, but their thinking became futile and their foolish hearts were darkened. You shall not bow down to them or worship them (Exod. Dealing with the effects of sin in our own lives and the lives of others represents a major challenge to Christians involved in the use and care of nature through education, administration or direct management in the field. In fact, when we look at its description of God creating the earth and follow how he used artists throughout the Bible, we see a very encouraging vision of what the arts can do. make full, fill, stock with, as in: This man made the Newe Forest, and replenyshed it with wylde bestes (AD1494); fill (space) with; fill (heart) with (a feeling); fill up again; fill up (a vacant office) (AD1632); The word translated replenish (KJV) simply means fill in the Hebrew. Our reactions are to bring glory and honor to God. Scientists have proposed various scenarios by which the earth could be destroyed or rendered uninhabitable. Get answers to be the influence our kids need and give today. Natural creation in this article is also referred to in short as "nature" or "the environment." Barrett and Bergstrom. See Schaeffer, Pollution and the Death of Man; and VanDyke, et al, Redeeming Creation. God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. By faith we understand that the universe was created by the word of God, so that what is seen was not made out of things that are visible. However, excessive waste by-product disposal into a particular environmental system such as a wetland area may threaten the continued ability of that environmental system to assimilate and treat wastes. The Principle of Creation Value first recognizes that God created the heavens and earth and all things found therein (Genesis 1; Psalm 146:6; Acts 14:15; Revelation 4:11). : the deep inner parts of something They dug deep into the bowels of the earth. SHARE. And God saw that the light was good. When the earth totters, and all its inhabitants, it is I who keep steady its pillars. Only seven times does the KJV translate it as replenish, but 195 times fill, filled or full. Lucifer -a cherub- was the most powerful and glorious archangel ever created. Transparent. Over the years this verse has caused much confusion and controversy inside and outside of Christianity. Finally, the proof is that the similar phrase in verse 22 has the translation fill in the KJV. The Bible tells us that the destruction of the world is going to be within God's plan. What does deep in the bowels of the earth mean? The first representations of the Orthodox Cross with the characteristic low diagonal bar were found in Jerusalem, Constantinople, and the Balkan region. The ancient Israelite temple was a symbol that pointed to God's desire to live among his human partners and rule the world through them. The unified land mass was split apart, forming the continents as we now know them (which is why they fit together like a jigsaw puzzle see Genesis 10:25 ). 2:12-13; Jas. However, Genesis 1:28 also clearly states that people are creations of God. Matthew 5:13-16 Salt is used as a preservative to save meat and food from spoiling as Jesus saves our souls from damnation and separation from God for sinning and falling from grace. For some Christians, art is a worldly subject. The present earth we are standing on today will not exist forever. Full meaning. And God set them in the expanse of the heavens to give light on the earth, to rule over the day and over the night, and to separate the light from the darkness. Christians are in a unique position to offer thoughtful solutions to the environmental and natural resource problems and issues we face in the world today. This position, which has a very low view of natures value, is not supported by the Scriptures. Another purpose is to help meet peoples need for things such as food and shelter (Gen. 2:15; 9:3). The Bible indicates that angels were created at the same time the earth was formed, even before human life was created. The Christian environmental steward also respects and values nature because he or she knows that both people and nature will share in redemption and renewal in the new eternal heaven and earth. 10:29). Schaeffer, Pollution and the Death of Man. He was born on Dec 25th (12/25), died on Mar 31st (3/31) and rose from the dead on Apr 6th (4/6). It is often used simply to mean Israel, or Palestine. Terms of Service apply. After this I saw four angels standing at the four corners of the earth, holding back the four winds of the earth, that no wind might blow on earth or sea or against any tree. One of the most well-known verses about fire is when Jesus was Baptized in Matthew 3:11-12 which says, "I indeed baptize you with water unto repentance, but He who is coming after me is mightier than I, whose sandals I am not worthy to carry. Platos philosophy influenced the Gnostic view of the physical world that arose within the first-century Christian church. Philosophy and the Christian Faith (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1968). His left hand is under my head, and his right hand embraces me! God will destroy the present earth because He is going to make a new heaven and new earth ( Revelation 21:1-5 ). Who among all these does not know that the hand of the Lord has done this? Improper actions are punished (something is taken away). So as an isolated word, "earth" carries no symbolic meaning for John or his sources. And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF A CHRISTIAN ENVIRONMENTAL ETHIC: CONCLUSIONS. Get our Question of the Week delivered right to your inbox! The Christian environmental steward puts this knowledge into practice by doing his or her best to use and manage the environment within the boundaries of Gods ways and plans. Immediately after the tribulation of those days the sun will be darkened, and the moon will not give its light, and the stars will fall from heaven, and the powers of the heavens will be shaken. The fish of the sea, the birds of the heavens, the beasts of the field, all the creeping things that creep on the earth, and all the men who are on the face of the earth will shake at My presence; the mountains also will be thrown down, the steep pathways will collapse and every wall will fall to . Out of Zion, the perfection of beauty, God shines forth. Earth, in its primary sense, signifies the particles which compose the mass of the globe, but more particularly the particles which form the fine mold on the surface of the globe; or it denotes any indefinite mass or portion of that matter. The nature above people viewpoint is considered next. This renewal process first requires that we become new persons through a personal relationship with Jesus Christ as Savior and Lord. For he looks to the ends of the earth and sees everything under the heavens. In this new Creation of God, both people and nature will be freed from the sufferings caused by the imperfections of the world we live in today, including death and decay. What does the Bible say about anointing the altar? In all areas of our lives, the substance of our inner faith determines the living out or practice of our faith. The elements of Gnostic thought are seen in the Apostle Johns writing in 1 John. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Bible Publishers, 1985. To him who spread out the earth above the waters, for his steadfast love endures forever; But ask the beasts, and they will teach you; the birds of the heavens, and they will tell you; or the bushes of the earth, and they will teach you; and the fish of the sea will declare to you. The Christian environmental steward first recognizes that nature, like everything else in heaven and earth, was created by God, belongs to God, and is valued by God for itself. The earth was without form and void, and darkness was over the face of the deep. The three general principles of a Christian environmental ethic are consistent with a careful study of Gods Word found in the Holy Bible as illuminated by a number of historical and recent authors. The Lord God took the man and put him in the garden of Eden to work it and keep it. Did anything happen between Genesis 1:1 and 1:2? Consequently, we are hearing more voices saying that in order to solve environmental issues and problems, people need to develop and follow an appropriate moral basis for dealing with the environment. At the core of these disagreements are different values and beliefs related to nature itself, and the use and management of nature by people. Full immersion water baptism symbolizes the death and resurrection we experience through Jesus Christ. This section discussing the Principle of Sustained Order and Purpose has emphasized that God created people and nature with order and purpose. In very old Latin it did mean again, but by the time the Bible went into Latin it had lost some of this meaning. Water baptism is a command to be followed and represents what happens to us when we put our faith in Jesus and we are born again. It appears again in Pepys Diary, where he says: buy to replenish the stores. There is north, south, east, and west and these are set by God as a divine imperative. You are clothed with splendor and majesty, covering yourself with light as with a garment, stretching out the heavens like a tent. Salt preserves. Thus the heavens and the earth, and all the host of them, were finished. And there was evening and there was morning, the first day. Consider, for example, this passage from Genesis 9: Then God said to Noah and to his sons with him: I now establish my covenant with you and with your descendants after you and with every living creature that was with youthe birds, the livestock and all the wild animals, all those that came out of the ark with youevery living creature on earth. In its various forms it occurs 306 times in the Old Testament. Like the curse, the Flood radically altered the nature of the earth. People also manage nature through waste and pollution management and policy. For the pillars of the earth are the Lord's, and on them he has set the world. In his hand is the life of every living thing and the breath of all mankind. The poor steward, in contrast, lacks self-control, is wasteful and irresponsible, and cannot be trusted to take proper care of what he or she has been put in charge of managing. The Fall also has resulted in loss of overall harmony between people and nature (Genesis 3:17-19). Because we all live on the same planet and are ultimately dependent on the natural fruits of the earth for life-support, everyone has a stake in how elements of nature and natural systems are used and managed. Is there any evidence for young earth creationism? J 11. Shall means will. My hand laid the foundation of the earth, and my right hand spread out the heavens; when I call to them, they stand forth together. You have made heaven, the heaven of heavens, with all their host, the earth and all that is on it, the seas and all that is in them; and you preserve all of them; and the host of heaven worships you. Christian environmental stewards may be professional economists, sociologists, or political scientists who study economic and social systems in order to help solve problems and challenges related to peoples use of natural resources and impacts on the environment. (16) And the earth . 19:1-4; Rom. And let them have dominion over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the heavens and over the livestock and over all the earth and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth.. Ah, Lord God! An example of poor stewardship from agriculture is farming a tract of land until the soil is totally burned outand incapable of further production. However, if we use and manage nature properly as God expects, the environment and environmental systems can continue to provide essential life-support and various goods and services of value to people. The Four Corners of the Earth. People are above nature by the grace and will of God onlynot by our own power and ingenuity. Genesis 12:7. He set the earth on its foundations, so that it should never be moved. 8:20-23; 2 Pet. The word replenish occurs seven times in the KJV: here in Genesis 1:28 (KJV), again in Genesis 9:1 (KJV) (both times in the imperative), and five times in three major prophets in the passive and causative forms. As I mentioned above the word smoke in the Bible will depend a lot . Worthy are you, our Lord and God, to receive glory and honor and power, for you created all things, and by your will they existed and were created.. On that day, let the one who is on the housetop, with his goods in the house, not come down to take them away, and likewise let the one who is in the field not turn back. The shape of heaven and the beginning and end of time have been referred to as a circle. Scripture teaches that God will also redeem nature and restore the relationship and harmony between God, people and nature in the eternal world (Isa. Amen. The Christian environmental steward understands that the elements of the environment or environmental systems that he or she may be involved in using or managing are ultimately controlled by God according to his ways and plans. In contrast, being responsible for widespread and complete destruction of a particular forest ecosystem does not seem consistent with nor does it honor Gods plan for redeeming nature. Distinguished Professor of Public Policy at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia. The heavens declare the glory of God, and the sky above proclaims his handiwork. As a Christian professor, he is interested in the integration of Biblical teaching on stewardship and our responsibilities as stewards and managers of Gods creation. Christopher B. Barrett and John C. Bergstrom. This effort includes learning about individual elements of the environment, and how these elements function within environmental systems created and sustained by God. As pointed out by Schaeffer, the greatest testimony to the lasting value and importance of the physical world (the environment) is that Jesus Christs physical body was resurrected from the dead and exists today in the unseen spiritual world. And let them be for signs and for seasons, and for days and years. Noahs Flood: a Historical, Global Catastrophe, be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters. God built several major chemical cycles into our planet earth home. It is he who sits above the circle of the earth, and its inhabitants are like grasshoppers; who stretches out the heavens like a curtain, and spreads them like a tent to dwell in; In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth. Godly respect and love for elements of the environment leads the Christian environmental steward to be a responsible caretaker of nature who does not abuse or misuse what God in his grace has given us to use and enjoy. The equality between people and nature viewpoint is considered first. They may also be philosophers or theologians who help us to understand the proper biblical perspectives on the worth and purposes of people and nature. 3:12-13; Rev. It is replete. He made it known by sending his angel to his servant John. Principle of Creation Value In this article, Gods creation refers to natural creation described in Genesis 1:1-25 composed of the earth, sky and natural elements found therein such as rocks, minerals, soil, water, air, vegetation and fish and wildlife. 3. People manage lakes and rivers for producing electricity, providing drinking water and to support many types of recreational activities such as boating and swimming. Is there any evidence for young earth creationism? Compare research, meaning to search completely. For in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that is in them, and rested on the seventh day. Only the year 1612 is anywhere near the date of the KJV (1611), and its a poetic use. 8. Z. 11). The most serious consequence of this poor management is that the health and well-being of the dwellings occupants would likely suffer. This was followed by the vision we are now studying, in which a beast arises from the earth. And he is before all things, and in him all things hold together. For example, Psalm 24:1 states; The earth is the Lords, and everything in it, the world, and all who live in it., The Bible teaches that God loves and enjoys all that He has created. Thus, people share a common heritage and bond with plants, animals and other elements of the environment as fellow creations of God. An example from forestry is over-harvesting and mismanaging a forest such that new trees can no longer be grown. 2. But according to his promise we are waiting for new heavens and a new earth in which righteousness dwells. What are the various purposes of nature or the environment according to the Bible? We are identified by our language because language signifies who we are and where we originate from. And God said, "Let there be light," and there was light. This God-centered inherent value of nature is termed theistic intrinsic value.. And the sun stood still, and the moon stopped, until the nation took vengeance on their enemies. WHAT THE BIBLE SAYS ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT. The effects of this universal corruption include not just separation of people from God, but also separation of people from themselves, each other, and nature. The hydrologic cycle helps to provide water to drink and for a multitude of other purposes. Salt and light. All things were made through him, and without him was not any thing made that was made. Quite clearly the idea of refilling is completely absent from the Hebrew. This use first appears in a poem in 1612. These four beasts symbolize Babylon, Medo-Persia, Greece and Romeall Gentile empires. the deep inner parts Definition of the bowels literary. Because God promises to give it to Abraham and his descendants, the land becomes an inheritance. The word replenish cannot be used to support ideas about a previous creation, which was destroyed. All rights reserved. 14. Because we are under Gods authority in all things, we are to do Gods will when exercising our dominion over nature. W Salt is known as being a preservative. R We can pray, Lord, help me rid my heart of all guile. According to the Bible, general characteristics and responsibilities of a steward include being faithful, wise and responsible. So they are without excuse. All rights reserved. The different chemical cycles also contribute to the provision of mineral resources such as coal, oil and natural gas that we use as fuel for transportation, electricity, and heating. The steward should be concerned with meeting daily needs and is not to abuse or waste what he or she has been put in charge of managing. The linkages and interrelationships between people and elements of the environment and environmental systems are illustrated at a broader scale in Figure 3. O Lord my God, you are very great! And this time, the sun, the moon, and the eleven stars bowed down to me. The word steward and stewardship is used throughout the Old and New Testaments of the Bible (Gen. 15:2; 44:1; 1 Chron. This recognizes a basic tenant of human behavior taught in the Bible: true change starts from within a persons heart, mind and spirit and works outward as reflected by attitudes and actions. 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