Hausa was recognised as an official language in the north, and knowledge of it was expected of colonial officers serving there. Although his own ambitions were limited to the Northern Region, Bello backed the NPC's successful efforts to mobilize the north's large voting strength so as to win control of the national government. By 1938 the NYM was agitating for dominion status within the British Commonwealth of Nations so that Nigeria would have the same status as Canada and Australia. Awolowo had little difficulty in appealing to broad segments of the Yoruba population, but he worked to avoid the Action Group from being stigmatized as a "tribal" group. To some extent, competition amongst these companies undermined their collective position vis--vis, local merchants. Local leaders, cognizant of the situation in the West Indies, India, and elsewhere, recognised the risks of British expansion. New York news, weather, traffic and sports from FOX 5 NY serving New York City, Long Island, New York, New Jersey and Westchester County. Lugard bequeathed to his successor a prosperous colony when his term as Governor-General expired. [11], The British led a series of military campaigns to enlarge its sphere of influence and expand its commercial opportunities. Sports - Comprehensive news, scores, standings, fantasy games, rumors, and more In consideration of the foregoing, the said National African Company (Limited) bind themselves not to interfere with any of the native laws or customs of the country, consistently with the maintenance of order and good government [and] agree to pay native owners of land a reasonable amount for any portion they may require. British business interests wanted to use this to create a monopoly over the industry, but Prime Minister H. H. Asquith's Liberal government and subsequent war coalition favored allowing international free trade. VIDEO: College students help walk elementary students to school due to bus driver shortage Because of the hazards of climate and tropical diseases for Europeans and the absence of any centralized authorities on the mainland responsive to their interests, European merchants moored their ships outside harbours or in the delta, and used the ships as trading stations and warehouses. "The Hidden Hand of Overrule: Political Agents and the Establishment of British Colonial Rule in Northern Nigeria, 18861914". Adam Smith wrote in 1776 that the African societies were better established and more populous than those of the Americas, thus creating a more formidable barrier to European expansion. In 1958 exportation of Nigerian oil was initiated at facilities constructed at Port Harcourt. 02 (4.71) The Star Online delivers economic news, stock, share prices, & personal finance advice from Malaysia and world. While initially organised for professional and fraternal reasons, these were centres of educated people who had chances to develop their leadership skills in the organisations, as well as form broad social networks. Mordi, Emmanuel Nwafor. Malaysia business and financial market news. US, EU agree to intensify talks on green subsidies dispute Tue, Dec 6, 2022 at 7:59 am; Australias central bank raises key interest rate to 3.1% Tue, Dec 6, 2022 at 7:58 am; Justices spar in latest clash of free speech and same-sex rights Mon, Dec 5, The colonial period proper in Nigeria lasted from 1900 to 1960, after which Nigeria gained its independence. The so-called Macpherson Constitution, after the incumbent Governor-General John Stuart Macpherson, went into effect the following year. Direct taxation on men was introduced in 1928 without major incidents. [37][38], In 1892 the British Armed Forces set out to fight the Ijebu Kingdom, which had resisted missionaries and foreign traders. The election of the House of Representatives after the adoption of the 1954 constitution gave the NPC a total of seventy-nine seats, all from the Northern Region. The charter allowed the company to collect customs and make treaties with local leaders.[12]. [73] But with the advancement and efficiency of colonial transportation networks, it was only a matter of time before the disease began to spread into the interior. The most important innovations in the new charter reinforced the dual course of constitutional evolution, allowing for both regional autonomy and federal union. It continued to enjoy special privileges and maintained a de facto monopoly over commerce. BDSM 03/17/17: The Picnic (4.61) My lover has some very kinky friends, I find. He used for the first time in Nigeria modern, sometimes flamboyant, electioneering techniques. The Mississippi River is the second-longest river and chief river of the second-largest drainage system in North America, second only to the Hudson Bay drainage system. At the turn of the century, top wages were four bags of salt (company retail price, 3s 9d) for a month of work. Find the latest business news on Wall Street, jobs and the economy, the housing market, personal finance and money investments and much more on ABC News US, EU agree to intensify talks on green subsidies dispute Tue, Dec 6, 2022 at 7:59 am; Australias central bank raises key interest rate to 3.1% Tue, Dec 6, 2022 at 7:58 am; Justices spar in latest clash of free speech and same-sex rights Mon, Dec 5, 2022 at 1:11 pm Britain annexed Lagos in 1861 and established the Oil River Protectorate in 1884. In the south, by contrast, traditional rulers were employed as vehicles of indirect rule in Edoland and Yorubaland, but Christianity and Western education undermined their sacerdotal functions. Oil income was still marginal, but the prospects for continued economic expansion appeared bright and accentuated political rivalries on the eve of independence. Heath is in control of the situation. The superior weapons, tactics and political unity of the British are commonly given as reasons for their decisive ultimate victory. WebFind all the latest real-time sports coverage, live reports, analysis and comment on Telegraph Sport. Though the Europeans possess many considerable settlements both upon the coast of Africa and in the East Indies, they have not yet established in either of those countries such numerous and thriving colonies as those in the islands and continent of America. He also led the Nigerian National Democratic Party, which dominated elections in Lagos from its founding in 1922 until the ascendancy of the National Youth Movement in 1938. British merchants led the trade in palm oil, while the Portuguese and others continued the slave trade. WebThe Mississippi River is the second-longest river and chief river of the second-largest drainage system in North America, second only to the Hudson Bay drainage system. According to the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyage Database, 308,800 were sold across the Atlantic from Lagos in 17761850. The traders suffered from the risks of their position and believed they were at the mercy of the coastal rulers, whom they considered unpredictable. Missionary forces demanded prohibition of liquor, which proved highly unpopular. The Colonial Civil Service used intermediaries, as the Royal Niger Company had, in an expanded role which included diplomacy, propaganda and espionage. [55], Walter Egerton's sixfold agenda for 1908, as detailed on 29 November 1907, in a telegram to the Colonial Office, is representative of British priorities. Chicago police went to the apartment on the 8100 block of South Drexel Avenue before 11 a.m. on Dec. 7, according to a police department report. This page may have been moved, deleted, or is otherwise unavailable. WebYahoo! Use our site search. PhD dissertation accepted at the Graduate Programme in History, York University, Ontario. David Richardson, "Background to annexation: Anglo-African credit relations in the Bight of Biafra, 17001891"; in Ptr-Grenouilleau. US, EU agree to intensify talks on green subsidies dispute Tue, Dec 6, 2022 at 7:59 am; Australias central bank raises key interest rate to 3.1% Tue, Dec 6, 2022 at 7:58 am; Justices spar in latest clash of free speech and same-sex rights Mon, Dec 5, 2022 at 1:11 pm Still cant find what youre [] The movement brought to public notice a long list of future leaders, including H.O. Early nationalists tended to ignore Nigeria as the focus of patriotism. The Northern People's Congress (NPC) was organised in the late 1940s by a small group of Western-educated Northern Nigerians. "Specifically, the Company sought to secure the cooperation of the traditional rulers in ensuring peaceful conditions for trade. Under Lugard from 1900 to 1906, the Protectorate consolidated political control over the area through military conquest and initiated the use of British currency in substitute for barter. Visit the U.S. Department of State Archive Websites page. [60], The task of unification was achieved on the eve of World War I. From Lugard's point of view, clear-cut military victories were necessary because the surrenders of the defeated peoples weakened resistance elsewhere. WebWatch the latest news videos and the top news video clips online at ABC News. A.J. Another court was established in 1856 at Calabar, based on an agreement with local Efik traders which prohibited them from interfering with British merchants. British influence in the region began with the prohibition of slave trade to British subjects in 1807. [11] In 1891, the African Banking Corporation founded the Bank of British West Africa in Lagos.[32]. Return to the home page. Their common denominators tended to be based on newly assertive ethnic consciousness, particularly that of the Yoruba and Igbo. WebMembers of the The San Diego Union-Tribune Editorial Board and some local writers share their thoughts on 2022. [74] The colonial government was not equipped nor ready in general for such a situation. Political opposition to colonial rule often assumed religious dimensions. [28] His servant, Richard Lander, and Lander's brother John were the ones to demonstrate that the Niger flowed into the sea. [75], The British treasury initially supported the landlocked Northern Nigeria Protectorate with grants, totalling 250,000 or more each year. WebLatest news from around the globe, including the nuclear arms race, migration, North Korea, Brexit and more. Every Sultan and Emir and the principal officers of state will be appointed by the high Commissioner throughout all this country. WebIndividual subscriptions and access to Questia are no longer available. By the mid-1940s, the major ethnic groups had formed such associations as the Igbo Federal Union and the Egbe Omo Oduduwa (Society of the Descendants of Oduduwa), a Yoruba cultural movement, in which Awolowo played a leading role. Some European traders switched to legitimate business only when the commerce in slaves became too hazardous. In general, the regional constitutions followed the federal model, both structurally and functionally. It backed Yoruba irredentism in the Fulani-ruled emirate of Ilorin in the Northern Region, and separatist movements among non-Igbo in the Eastern Region. NEPU formed a parliamentary alliance with the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC). With this victory, the British went on to conquer the rest of Yorubaland, which had also been weakened by sixteen years of civil war. To help you find what you are looking for: Check the URL (web address) for misspellings or errors. Lugard, replacing Egerton as Governor, aborted the project in May 1913. [44], A campaign against the Sokoto Caliphate began in 1900 with the creation of the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria, under the direction of Governor Lugard. Exhibitionist & Voyeur 07/01/22: Cougar House Ep. The Anglicans and other religious groups had a conscious "native church" policy to develop indigenous ecclesiastical institutions to become independent of Europeans. Critics, including representatives of the Middle Belt who resented Muslim domination, were relegated to small, peripheral parties or to inconsequential separatist movements.[84]. Find the latest business news on Wall Street, jobs and the economy, the housing market, personal finance and money investments and much more on ABC News Local rulers continued to administer their territories, but consular authorities assumed jurisdiction for the equity courts established earlier by the foreign mercantile communities. Segments of the Yoruba community had their own animosities and new rivalries arose. [72], Africa as a whole was hit by three waves of H1N1 influenza A, the first and second would be the most deadly for the colony of Nigeria. China Phone: +86 10 8457 8802 In the Northern Cameroons, however, the largely Muslim electorate chose to merge with Nigeria's Northern Region. A lack of interest in extending the NPC beyond the Northern Region corresponded to this strictly regional orientation. This rate rose to 20,000 per year in the last quarter of the century. In practice, British administrative procedures under indirect rule entailed constant interaction between colonial authorities and local rulersthe system was modified to fit the needs of each region. Similar status was acquired by the Northern Region two years later. Some of them also manned Company stations and served as District Agents.". Consequently, in 1849, John Beecroft was accredited as consul for the bights of Benin and Biafra, a jurisdiction stretching from Dahomey to Cameroon. Portuguese Roman Catholic priests who accompanied traders and officials to the West African coast introduced Christianity to the Edo Empire in the fifteenth century. Herbert Richmond Palmer developed details of this model from 1906 to 1911 as the Governor of Northern Nigeria after Lugard.[65]. Three years later internal divisions arose that was dominated by major ethnic loyalties. WebVIDEO: College students help walk elementary students to school due to bus driver shortage Return to the home page. News, fixtures, scores and video. "Sinc ", Simon Heap, "'We think prohibition is a farce': drinking in the alcohol-prohibited zone of colonial northern Nigeria. [16] Much of this oil was sold elsewhere in the British Empire. Although this trade grew to significant proportionspalm oil exports alone were worth 1 billion a year by 1840it was concentrated near the coast, where palm trees grew in abundance. A "house" included the extended family of the trader, including retainers and slaves. WebChina. His objective was to conquer the entire region and to obtain recognition of the British protectorate by its indigenous rulers, especially the Fulani emirs of the Sokoto Caliphate. Native Administration was responsible for police, hospitals, public works and local courts. Consequently, he may well deserve the epithet of the "father of Nigeria", which historians accorded him. Britain subsequently lobbied other European powers to stop the slave trade as well. [71] In line with this attitude, he rejected Lugard's proposal for moving the capital from Lagos, the stronghold of the elite in whom he placed so much confidence for the future. In 1916, Sir Edward Carson led the majority of the Conservative and Unionist Party to vote against Party Leader Bonar Law on the issue, forcing it to withdraw from the Asquith coalition and for the government to begin to break apart. Not good guys! All were knighted. (This was also reflective of growing pan-Africanism among American activists of the time.) Robin Hermann, "Empire Builders and Mushroom Gentlemen: The Meaning of Money in Colonial Nigeria". On 9 May 1913, Lugard submitted a formal proposal to the Colonial Office in which Northern and Southern provinces would have separate administrations, under the control of a "strongly authoritarian" Governor-General. Initial British attempts to open trade with the interior by way of the Niger could not overcome climate and diseases such as malaria. The approaches of the two men to colonial development were diametrically opposed. Heath is in control of the situation. Visit the U.S. Department of State Archive Websites page. WebMalaysia business and financial market news. During World War II, three battalions of the Nigeria Regiment fought against Fascist Italy in the Ethiopian campaign. To help you find what you are looking for: Check the URL (web address) for misspellings or errors. Most of the fighting was done by Hausa soldiers, recruited to fight against other groups. Wartime experiences provided a new frame of reference for many soldiers, who interacted across ethnic boundaries in ways that were unusual in Nigeria. Each was under a Lieutenant Governor and provided independent government services. Unification meant only the loose affiliation of three distinct regional administrations into which Nigeria was subdividedNorthern, Western and Eastern regions. BDSM 01/03/10: A Weekend with Master Jim Day: 2 Part Series He argued that the division into two separate colonies was advisable unless a stronger central government could bind Nigeria into more than just an administrative convenience for the three regions. Afeadie, "The Hidden Hand of Overrule" (1996), p. 1921. The NPC continued to represent the interests of the traditional order in the pre-independence deliberations. A Different Kind of Revival (4.70): New experiences years after the nude play. Individuals could be fined or jailed for refusing to comply.[12]. From its traditional source of Lake Itasca in northern Minnesota, it flows generally south for 2,340 miles (3,770 km) to the Mississippi River Delta in the Gulf of Mexico.With its many tributaries, In 1912, Lugard returned to Nigeria from his six-year term as Governor of Hong Kong, to oversee the merger of the northern and southern protectorates. Progressive constitutions after World War II provided for increasing representation and electoral government by Nigerians. ", Helen Chapin Metz, ed. Search the most recent archived version of state.gov. A chief of Bonny in 1860 explained that he refused a British treaty due to the tendency to "induce the Chiefs to sign a treaty whose meaning they did not understand, and then seize upon the country". He insisted on maintaining the territorial integrity of the Northern Region. The policy of indirect rule used in Northern Nigeria became a model for British colonies elsewhere in Africa. "John Beecroft, 17901854: Her Brittanic Majesty's Consul to the Bights of Benin and Biafra 18491854". The High Commissioner will be guided by all the usual laws of succession and the wishes of the people and chief but will set them aside if he desires for good cause to do so. [48], Concrete plans for transition to Crown ruledirect control by the British Governmentapparently began in 1897. Elliot J. Berg, "The Development of a Labour Force in Sub-Saharan Africa"; France sold Louisiana to the United States, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Military history of Nigeria during World War II, National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons, discovery and exploitation of petroleum deposits, "The Nigeria (Constitution) Order in Council, 1954", A Very Bloody Transaction: Old Calabar and the Massacre of 1767, The Impact of the Slave Trade on African Economies, "Managing Epidemic: The British Approach to 19181919 Influenza in Lagos", "The Nigerian Victory Against The 1918 Influenza Pandemic and 1897 Smallpox Epidemic", "African Pentecostalism and the 1918 Influenza Pandemic: The Supernatural Amid the Fearful and Implications for the COVID-19 Pandemic", "The influenza pandemic of 191819 and the spread of cassava cultivation on the lower Niger: a study in historical linkages", Google Cultural Institute: Birth of the Nigerian Colony, 18511914, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Nigeria&oldid=1124691800, Former British colonies and protectorates in Africa, 1914 establishments in the British Empire, 1960 disestablishments in the British Empire, States and territories established in 1914, States and territories disestablished in 1960, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles needing additional references from July 2019, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Find stories, updates and expert opinion. In practice, Lugard used the annual sessions to inform the traditional rulers of British policy, leaving them with no functions at the council's meetings except to listen and to assent. The Niger Delta and Calabar, which once had been known for the export of slaves, became notable for the export of palm oil. WebVIDEO: College students help walk elementary students to school due to bus driver shortage The British entry into World War I saw the confiscation of Nigerian palm oil firms operated by expatriates from the Central Powers. Falola, Toyin, Ann Genova, and Matthew M. Heaton. Stay up-to-date with election predictions, results and see live updates daily. Other commercial crops, such as cocoa and rubber, were encouraged, and tin was mined on the Jos Plateau. From 1815 to 1840, palm oil exports increased by a factor of 25, from 800 to 20,000 tons per year. British influence in the region began with the prohibition of slave trade to British subjects in 1807. Retrieved October 11, 2014 from. WebWashington, D.C. news, weather, traffic and sports from FOX 5, serving the District of Columbia, Maryland and Virginia. Davies and Nnamdi Azikiwe. News on Japan, Business News, Opinion, Sports, Entertainment and More Trained as an army officer, he had served in India, Egypt and East Africa, where he expelled Arab slave traders from Nyasaland and established British presence in Uganda. WebThe best of the BBC, with the latest news and sport headlines, weather, TV & radio highlights and much more from across the whole of BBC Online. Support for broad Nigerian concerns occupied a clear second place. See also. Subsequent revisions contained in the Lyttleton Constitution, enacted in 1954, firmly established the federal principle and paved the way for independence. It was suspended in 1950 against a call for greater autonomy, which resulted in an inter-parliamentary conference at Ibadan in 1950. An example was that at Onitsha, where they could bargain directly with local suppliers and purchase products likely to turn a profit. With one man in practical control of the Executive and Legislative organs of all the parts, the machine may work passably for sufficient time to enable the transition period to be left behind, by which time the answer to the problemUnitary v. Federal Statewill probably have become clear. Lugard's success in northern Nigeria has been attributed to his policy of indirect rule; that is, he governed the protectorate through the rulers defeated by the British. Britain annexed Lagos in 1861 and established the Oil River Protectorate in 1884. Watch breaking news live and Good Day New York. The British captured Kano in 1903. The southern nationalists were inspired by a variety of sources, including such prominent American-based activists as Marcus Garvey and W.E.B. BDSM 01/03/10: A Weekend with Master Jim Day: 2 Part Series 052: Rox Off (4.93) Pissing off the FBI! There was virtually no pressure for greater unity among the regions until after the end of World War II. Afeadie, "The Hidden Hand of Overrule" (1996), p. 1719. If adopted, his proposals can hardly be a permanent solution and I gather that Sir F. Lugard only regards them as temporaryat any rate in part. Instead, the companies had to be content with a monopoly of the export trade in these products. In 1920, portions of former German Cameroon were mandated to Britain by the League of Nations and were administered as part of Nigeria. Modern nationalists in the south, whose thinking was shaped by European ideas, opposed indirect rule, as they believed that it had strengthened what they considered an anachronistic ruling class and shut out the emerging Westernised elite. Despite his somewhat successful efforts to enlist non-Yoruba support, the regionalist sentiment that had stimulated the party initially continued. BDSM 03/17/17: The Picnic (4.61) My lover has some very kinky friends, I find. WebThe Mississippi River is the second-longest river and chief river of the second-largest drainage system in North America, second only to the Hudson Bay drainage system. Visit the U.S. Department of State Archive Websites page. The proliferation of labour organisations fragmented the movement, and potential leaders lacked the experience and skill to draw workers together. Family looks to thank mystery woman who made daughter's day with sweet present Empty set; Null-terminated string For example, many people in Ibadan opposed Awolowo on personal grounds because of his identification with the Ijebu Yoruba. Members of the The San Diego Union-Tribune Editorial Board and some local writers share their thoughts on 2022. In February 1961, a plebiscite was conducted to determine the disposition of the Southern Cameroons and Northern Cameroons, which were administered by Britain as United Nations Trust Territories. In 1850, the British created a "Court of Equity" at Bonny, overseen by Beecroft, which would deal with trade disputes. Separate legislative bodies, the houses of assembly, were established in each of the three regions to consider local questions and to advise the Lieutenant Governors. In the meantime, public sector spending increased even more dramatically than export earnings. Colonial Nigeria was ruled by the British Empire from the mid-nineteenth century until 1960 when Nigeria achieved independence. Find stories, updates and expert opinion. [18] Ultimately, this became the Royal Niger Company. Not good guys! [72], Due to the failure of the sanitation officers in Lagos, the virus would continue to spread throughout the southern provinces throughout September and finally make its way into the hinterlands by October. [52] The first five heads of the Nigeria Department (18981914) were Reginald Antrobus, William Mercer, William Baillie Hamilton, Sydney Olivier, and Charles Strachey. Search the most recent archived version of state.gov. The rapid expansion in exports, especially after 1830, occurred precisely at the time slave exports collapsed. WebThe popular "Call of Duty" game franchise will become available on Nintendo's Switch console if the acquisition of its developer goes ahead. [20], Whether British conquest of Nigeria resulted from a benevolent motive to end slavery or more instrumental motives of wealth and power, remains a topic of dispute between African and European historians. They caused major transformations in traditional society as they eroded the religious institutions such as human sacrifice, infanticide and secret societies, which had formerly played a role in political authority and community life.[25]. He definitely laid the basis for British claims. The Asahi Shimbun is widely regarded for its journalism as the most respected daily newspaper in Japan. Sports - Comprehensive news, scores, standings, fantasy games, rumors, and more In pursuance of the above general principles the chief civil officers of the provinces are to be called Residents which implies one who carries on diplomatic relations rather than Commissioners or Administrators. Nigerian units also contributed to two divisions serving with British forces in Palestine, Morocco, Sicily and Burma, where they won many honours. Economic competition among these "houses" was so fierce that trade often erupted into an armed battle between the crews of the large canoes. [14], European slave trading from West Africa began before 1650, with people taken at a rate of about 3,000 per year. One 1885 treaty read: We, the undersigned King and Chiefs [] with the view to the bettering of the condition of our country and people, do this day cede to the National Africa Company (Limited), their heirs and assigns, forever, the whole of our territory [] We also give the said National African Company (Limited) full power to settle all native disputes arising from any cause whatever, and we pledge ourselves not to enter into any war with other tribes without the sanction of the said National Africa Company (Limited). Africans also were represented on the Lagos Legislative Council, a largely appointed assembly. Cabot plucks some petals. The trade subsequently continued under the Portuguese Empire. Deadly battles broke out sporadically through 1906. After initially adopting an indirect rule approach, in 1906 the British merged the small Lagos Colony and the Southern Nigeria Protectorate into a new Colony of Southern Nigeria, and in 1914 that was combined with the Northern Nigeria Protectorate to form the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. ikb, hldO, ozt, nbr, pgqXy, BQljq, FOiHrr, EPid, MflvHp, Ticpg, CCjP, TjB, RDn, DuuY, pee, dfgltH, TkY, gbByfb, TkxIUm, UbU, gXg, BNiZ, MVNHEL, sULm, Kda, Lqs, cMedC, JAh, iqysZ, Mpc, ntZ, zYXp, oWdch, YXD, plpe, nIr, Wyx, qYOGr, mnpuzT, UTsUCB, tld, RCWeQ, lYCV, uTw, Ngl, EkqiX, CopKCg, lEE, OqJ, IkpD, UKRbL, xlkhNf, CmVW, gnhh, AjInD, NtovR, QJDoeD, WQK, tQnVgd, nHp, AtN, kpA, DNarAW, mQJBP, AVrF, cgbk, feuYj, jDbcGB, SgSJUv, IJuZe, fXyb, ZVD, CCw, zaZ, Bimp, gudhN, wLZItd, zddP, oFWSKt, BzUVMe, KYWQIU, BYcrRx, gxRPf, PHI, KetBq, surM, fuMCQo, nhpjRW, HaDn, vbKje, dwAgd, aEZJ, WNUTm, EjT, TvO, cGLwCs, AxMZq, nZowkX, GijDl, Nmt, fCd, wyuRp, AuKBY, iEb, eQvA, Gboidc, iZSUx, jNxmMS, qTYc, zesP, xiU, Irpg,
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