Right now. Non-biodegradable waste is very harmful to the environment as it accumulates. (Image will be uploaded soon) Polyethylene Metals, ceramics, plastic, glass, and even living cells and tissue all can be used in creating a biomaterial. Few commercial applications exist for bioplastics. However, the burning of polymers produces many toxic gasses which themselves can damage the environment and cause pollution. Polycaprolactone Cycling shorts, swimming bathing suits, ski pants, triathlon suits and water suits are just some of the most common uses. Biomaterials may be natural or synthetic and are used in medical applications to support, enhance, or replace damaged tissue or a biological function. These are the current advantages and disadvantages of biodegradable plastics to review. Plastics can be recycled, reused, coloured, melted, rolled into sheets or made into wires, so they are very useful. 3.3. They are even used as glitters or in make-up. Answer: Question 2. We use plastic cookware in microwave ovens, because they are not affected by heat but the food is cooked. According to the plastics industry association, there are 8,901 people employed by plastics manufacturers in Louisiana. Should he buy cotton shirts or shirts made from synthetic material? This is unique source of information on the chemicals manufactured and imported in Europe. Better, stronger and safer. Answer: Question 7. This site is not fully supported in Internet Explorer 7 (and earlier versions). Below are just a few negative impacts of single-use plastic: Unfortunately, the Covid 19 pandemic has seen an unprecedented surge in single-use plastics entering production as consumers demand that foodstuffs and other products be protected from the virus by plastic. The POPs Regulation bans or severely restricts the production and use of persistent organic pollutants in the European Union. Question 5. Question 14. Nylon is used in textiles, clothing, and carpets. Answer: (ii) the plastics are lightweight and are strong. Give three advantages of polythene over natural materials. Professor Tang's process usesan engineered enzyme and a low-cost feedstock. The non-acceptance of these cookies will give you a cookie-free experience. Answer: Note down the total weight required to break the thread. So, it is used for making kitchenware. This is largely due to the global plastics industry convincing us that single-use, disposable plastic products are inherently safer than reusable plastic products, while this is simply not the case. as exfoliating and polishing agents in cosmetics known as microbeads), but they can also have other functions, such as controlling the thickness, appearance and stability of a product. Fabrics made of polyester. A recent report by the UN Environment Program (UNEP) has expanded on the disastrous effects of single-use plastic pollution on at-risk communities: According to a 2020 brand audit by Break Free from Plastic, the Coca Cola Company South Africa contributed a majority percentage (81.38%) of single-use plastic to our environment in the form of PET disposable plastic packaging. The said statement is correct to a certain extent. Nylon fibre is strong, elastic and light. 4.7, Callister & Rethwisch 5e. Get involved, and join Greenpeace Africas fight against single-use plastics by informing, educating and sharing with your community to ensure Africa can #breakfreefromplastic once and for all. Examples: Vulcanized rubber, Bakelite, Polyurethane, Epoxy resin, Vinyl ester resin, etc. Acrylic is used as a substitute of natural wool for knitting sweaters, blankets etc. These materials are tough and often offer consumer-friendly features. Comment. Translations in context of "Cornstarch Biodegradable Plastic" in English-Italian from Reverso Context: Large Image: Disposable Cornstarch Biodegradable Plastic Bag With Handle Hole Plastics are very useful, but it causes serious environmental and health concern : Question 5. Answer: [NCERT] Hot gas welding, also known as hot air welding, is a plastic welding technique using heat.A specially designed heat gun, called a hot air welder, produces a jet of hot air that softens both the parts to be joined and a plastic filler rod, all of which must be of the same or a very similar plastic. (d) Nylon Smirnoff vodka nips halves n500 ml must be boycottedthank you. Instead of using plastic made from petrochemicals and fossil fuels, compostable plastics are derived from renewable materials like corn, potato, and tapioca starches, cellulose, soy protein, and lactic acid. Natural fibers are also prone to damage from pests that feed on them, as is the case of moths that feed on cotton, wool and silk. Melamine resists fire and can tolerate heat better than other plastics. (d) PVC Some of the most common features are waterproof materials, stretchable materials and stain resistant parts. Answer: The field has grown significantly in the past decade due to discoveries in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and more. At that time it was used to manufacture tires, tents, ponchos and other military supplies. Plastics should be recycled and reused. Rayon is different from synthetic fibres because Question 9. Answer: Dissolvable zinc stents Match the terms of Column A correctly with the phrases given in Column B. Observe the bulb. Question 12. 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DISCOVER OUR INDUSTRY 13/09/2022. Retrieved from reference.com. Thermal Plastic Thermal biodegradable plastic has an additive that causes it to break down when exposed to high temperatures. Arrange the threads in order of their increasing strength. (b) Synthetic fibres are synthesised from a raw material called _____ Medical waste, including disposable masks, and fast food items such as plastic cutlery and single-use plastic straws or bags are some of the biggest contributors to this crisis. Five synthetic materials with the power to change the world (2015). Biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes should be separated and disposed off separately. Answer: They must go back to o ly glass bottles Should he buy cotton shirts or shirts made from synthetic material ? Indeed, we need sustainable aternatives. Unilever produces 610,000 tons of single use plastic packaging annually, and is planning to expand production into Asia. Really saved my guts since i copied you ! In addition, it is used as a finish in wood products, such as guitars, pianos and yacht interiors. Rana wants to buy shirts for summer. U.S. CRC. (c) polymer. [NCERT] Now lets talk about how this figures into the new plastics economy. She has taught science courses at the high school, college, and graduate levels. Even if the plastic item is marked as recyclable, if its designed to be thrown away then its single-use as 90% of plastic is never recycled after its discarded. It's a long-term goal for many chemists is to develop more biodegradable plastics which would naturally break down in our environment. Semantically related keywords: Plastics, disposable plastics, microplastics, plastic pollution, South Africa, fossil fuel product, covid 19, UNEP, DFFE, recycling, Sasol, Cola Cola Company, Unilever. Answer: (d) Electrical switches Its manufactured from an eco-friendly material thats manufactured from sugar cane, starch, and corn, and represents the fulfillment of the dream of cost-efficient, non-petroleum plastic production for stickers, pouches, and envelopes. When both the fibres were spread in the sun, it was observed that synthetic fibre took less time to dry than natural fibre. We'll focus the rest of this tutorial on synthetic polymers. Question 6. NIBIB researchers are developing a smart wound dressing that can deliver oxygen and blood-vessel-promoting biochemical factors while monitoring healing. Preservatives and antioxidants may be incorporated into some food and drug products to extend their shelf life. Is it advisable to use recycled plastic containers for storing food ? Answer: The development and application of biodegradable plastics : 2. As a responsible citizen, what are the 4Rs we should remember ? (a) non-corrosive Answer: South Africa currently ranks as 11 out of 20 countries responsible for the mismanagement of plastic waste, according to a recent article in Science, and this is having a devastating effect on our vulnerable citizens. This can involve reducing the waste a process creates, using renewable materials, lessening the energy required to form a product, etc. Is nylon fibre so strong, that we can use it to make parachutes ? Questions and Answers. We use cookies to enhance your experience. Thermoplastics. Different chemical compounds are used to make different types of fibers. The biggest problem as mentioned above is that polymers are non-biodegradable which means that microorganisms cannot naturally break them down. Question 17. Specific examples of PLGA's use include: A commercially available drug delivery device using PLGA is Lupron Depot for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. If the two monomers are randomly ordered then the copolymer is, not surprisingly, referred to as a random copolymer. Cotton clothes are preferred in summer because they absorb sweat and the person feels cool whereas synthetic materials do not absorb sweat and the person feels uncomfortable. Tie it to the clamp so that it hangs freely from it as shown in Fig. By signing this treaty, the DFFE will be compelled to introduce further limitations on the production and import of single-use plastic in Africa, as well as forcing corporations to agree to extended producer responsibility regulations so that single-use plastic is stopped at the source. The bans concern mainlyuses of microbeads in cosmetics that are rinsed off after use, where the microplastics are used as abrasive and polishing agents. The Conversation. Categorise the materials of the following products into can be recycled and cannot be recycled. Biodegradable plastics offer a substance that is made from a natural source, so the risks of breaking down are much fewer. Question 14. Biodegradable plastics offer reduces carbon dioxide levels. (c) Polystyrene After the alginate is freeze-dried, it is applied to the wound and rehydrated from the bodys own water. Compare the volume of the water remaining in each container. NIBIB-funded researchers are pursuing a laser-welding technique for colon repair as an alternative to suturing or stapling. Details of the consultation, including non-confidential responses, are available on ECHAs website. 4} Plastic bags are non-biodegradable And one of the worst environmental effects of plastic bags is that they are non- biodegradable. NIBIB-funded researchers aim to overcome that limitation by harvesting energy from the human body to power implantable biomedical devices. They are currently exploring innovative nanotechnology to develop ultrathin, lightweight, stretchable, and bio-compatible membranes. Biodegradable plastics are perceived to be more eco-friendly due to their environmental benefits, which are hard to deny compared to ordinary plastics. The Pennsylvania State University 2020. Question 11. (d) Jute This shows that thermoplastic is a poor conductor of electricity. Decision by the European Commissionand EU Member States, Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals, Chemical Agents Directive and Carcinogens or Mutagens Directive, Substances of very high concern identification, Recommendation for the Authorisation List, Getting started with EU chemicals legislation, Classification of substances and mixtures, Harmonised classification and labelling (CLH). (c), Question 9. (ii) Used for making parachutes and stockings. Vulnerable people make use of the smothering tide of single-use plastic trade to make a meager living. Synthetic gums and gel can adjust their shape in response to external stimuli; This means that they respond to changes in the environment. Question 15. The membranes can efficiently and discreetly convert mechanical energy generated within the human body to electrical energy, resulting in a self-sufficient power supply. In addition, most plastics are derived from crude, which is not renewable. In addition, most plastics are derived from crude, which is not renewable. Food can be stored in plastic containers because, Question 5. Question 12. Academic Integrity and Citation Style Guide, Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Polymers, Lesson 2: Economic, Environmental, and Societal Issues in Materials Science, Lesson 5: Structure and Applications of Metals, Lesson 6: Types and Applications of Metal Alloys, Lesson 7: Structure and Applications of Ceramics, Lesson 8: Structure and Applications of Polymers. Answer: Credit: Adapted from Fig. Why are the electric wires covered with plastic ? Here are some specific examples of polymers and their common uses. Unilever relies heavily on single use packaging for its many consumer products. NIBIB-funded researchers are working to combine silk with tropoelastin, a highly elastic and dynamic structural protein to construct a panel of protein biomaterials. Polyester can be found in shirts, pants, jackets, hats, sheets, duvets, cushions, cushions, upholstered furniture and towels. NIBIB-funded researchers are developing a hydrogel dressing that will automatically dissolve, provide a barrier to infection, and promote healing. Since the short chains do not bridge from one longer backbone to another, heat will typically break the bonds between the branched polymer chains and allow the polymer to be a thermoplastic, although there are some very complex branched polymers that resist this melting and thus break up (becoming hard in the process) before softening, i.e., they are thermosetting. Question 5. Take the pieces out of the containers after five minutes and spread them in the sun for a few minutes. Question 2. Question 5. Manufacturing Technology: Materials, Processes, and Equipment (2011). Question 11. Starch can be processed to produce lactic acid and subsequently polylactic acid (PLA). Question 8. Some companies use induction sealing and vacuum/oxygen-barrier pouches to assist in the extension of the shelf life of their products where oxygen causes the loss.. This is because cotton has more capacity to hold moisture than synthetic clothes. By reducing or eliminating the generation of harmful and persistent wastes, waste minimisation supports efforts to promote a more sustainable society. Our plant-based biodegradable packaging will decompose when exposed to the environment. Home Comforts: The Art and Science of Keeping House. Answer: Can you store pickles in plastic containers ? as that becomes compost. NIBIB-funded researchers are developing a bio-absorbable zinc stent that harmlessly erodes away over time, minimizing the normal chronic risks associated with permanent stents. Landfill is the oldest and most common form of waste disposal, although the systematic burial of the waste with daily, intermediate and final covers only began in the 1940s.In the past, refuse was simply left in piles or thrown into pits; in archeology It is a very strong material, but relatively light. Crosslinked polymers resemble ladders. This material is widely used in the textile industry; Most clothes have some degree of polyester. Question 13. Question 1. Green Chemistry Examples. What is the Classification and Labelling Inventory? It is expected that more and more will be used in coatings, electronics and transport. Industry Overview. Bioengineers measure the function of a biomaterial by how well it performs a specific action and how it will be used. Solid nylon is also used to make hair brushes and mechanical parts, such as screws and gears. This capability is very useful since it can help design other intelligent materials, such as sensors and alarms. (2016) Explain that Stuff. Some of this can be recycled to minimize the effects on our environment. Waste minimisation is a set of processes and practices intended to reduce the amount of waste produced. Comment on this advice. When synthetic fibres bum, lot of smoke is produced. Answer: A patch for use as a lung sealant Dissolvable dressing for the treatment of burns (d), Question 5. Some of the adverse effects of non-biodegradable waste include - Clogging of drains, Destruction and contamination of water bodies, Soil destruction, Global warming, Death of cattle, due to ingestion of plastics, Nutrition deficient crops, Ecological imbalance, Air pollution, Water pollution, Land This helps us make better content based on your experience navigating the website. It was even used to make paper money in the United States. For example, water bottles, tin cans, tires and computers are all items that cannot decay in a land fill. (b) it is obtained from wood pulp. Patients with diabetic ulcers that dont heal experience decreased quality of life, infections, amputations, and death. Answer: High-density polyethylene is used for drain pipes, water bottles, and containers. Plastics are non-biodegradable and take many years to decompose. [NCERT] ECHA organises consultations to get feedback from all interested parties and to gather the widest possible range of scientific information for the regulatory processes. (c) polythene Explain why some fibres are called synthetic. You will be able to hide the cookies acceptance banner and use the website features better. Plastics World (@PlasticsWorld) December 5, 2022 Ahlstrom develops barrier paper for recyclable flexible packaging. What are the advantages of using fabrics made of polyester ? These small pieces (typically smaller than 5mm) are called, Microplastics are solid plastic particles composed of mixtures of polymers and functional additives. Biopolymers are natural polymers produced by the cells of living organisms.Like other polymers, biopolymers consist of monomeric units that are covalently bonded in chains to form larger molecules. Out of the following, which is not a natural fibre ? Question 6. PET is used for making bottles, utensils, fibres and wires. It is strong, light and warm, therefore it is commonly used in sweaters such as furniture upholstery, in carpets and to coat boots and gloves. Answer: Tin takes about 100 years to degenerate. Why are the chemicals in the laboratory stored in plastic containers ? Name the material used for making ropes for rock climbing. It covers their hazardous properties, classification and labelling, and information on how to use them safely. What properties of plastics make it useful for many things ? (b), Question 2. Explore Cefics members concrete examples. [NCERT] Give examples to show that plastics are non-corrosive in nature. Three fascinating technologies below suggest directions for biomaterials on the horizon: Immunomodulation is an adjustment of the immune response to a desired level. Answer: Rana should buy cotton shirts. I reuse plastic bags by using them as garbage bags, so I guess they are double-use bags. Which of the following can be recycled? Answer: Which of the following is a thermoplastic The procedure uses photothermal nanocompositesnano-sized material and gold rods embedded in a matrix that when heated with a laser can fuse with ruptured tissues. Biodegradable meaning: the most basic definition of a biodegradable substance is that microorganisms like bacteria can be broken down into the simplest compounds or components. To that end, EFSA is holding a scientific colloquium in 2021 to discuss the current state of play and ongoing research in this field. (d), Question 7. (d) cheap ECHAs Committee for Risk Assessment (RAC) adopted its opinion in June 2020. This much stronger bond makes most crosslinked polymers thermosetting, with only a few exceptions to the rule: crosslinked polymers that happen to break their crosslinks at relatively low temperatures. Is it biodegradable or non-biodegradable ? Why ? (i) These plastics softened on heating and can be bent easily. Find out more on how we use cookies. Answer: Ph.D., Biomedical Sciences, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, B.A., Physics and Mathematics, Hastings College. Leave a gap between two ends of the wire. Synthetic fabric catches fire very easily. Biodegradable and compostable plastics (BDCP) | Cefic position 13/09/2022. Answer: Synthetic fibres are synthesised from raw material called . Since these shorter chains can interfere with efficient packing of the polymers, branched polymers tend to be less dense than similar linear polymers. (2005) Simon and Schuster. Answer: By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. Plastic containers are favoured for storing food because of the following reasons: By clicking Got it! you agree to our, if its designed to be thrown away then its single-use, Disposable plastic items dont biodegrade, disproportionately affects poorer and disadvantaged communities, the Covid 19 pandemic has seen an unprecedented surge in single-use plastics, it is often countries in the Global South, Coca Cola is supporting the fossil fuels industry, manufactures a range of single-use plastic products, Unilever produces 610,000 tons of single use plastic packaging annually, extended producer responsibility regulations, join Greenpeace Africas fight against single-use plastics, Microplastics, smaller plastic particles that result from single use plastic breaking down, pollute our water sources and, The single-use plastic trade and resulting plastic pollution, Plastic production is causing deforestation and contaminating potable water, Plastic waste is endangering communities that rely on marine resources to survive, Women are at larger risk of health complications due to a higher aggregate of exposure to plastic products. Why people prefer to wear acrylic sweaters than pure wool sweaters ? Examples. just make stuff like packaging out of paper but bottles out of metal/glass or something. As you can see polymers play a huge role in our day-to-day lives and their use is wide and varied owing to their unique individual properties. Question 11. (ii) They are used in making seat-belts, fishing nets, tyre cord, a string for sports rackets and musical instruments. Rayon is different from synthetic fibres because [NCERT]. New greener processes keep research and tech on track while making it safer, cheaper, and less wasteful. Clothes made of which fabric are best suited for hot climate ? Industrial polyester is used to reinforce tires, safety belts, and to reinforce highly absorbent plastics. Some of the most common synthetic materials are nylon, polyester, carbon fiber, rayon and spandex or lycra. Polly 1122 tetrafluoroethylene also known as PTFE, which is a nonstick coating on frying pans as well as being used in bearings another low friction surfaces. But technology has made it possible to turn renewable resources into plastics and synthetic gums. This was published on in August 2022. Plastic containers do not react with items stored in it. Microplastics have been found in marine, freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems as well as in food and drinking water. This can cause death of these animals. Last updated at May 11, 2020 by Teachoo. It is cheaper than silk, but can be woven like silk fibre. Pickles are kept in plastic containers because plastic containers are Teflon coated pans are used instead of metallic as it doesnot react with chemicals in the food. 2217 Earth and Engineering Sciences Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 Question 11. Answer: In ecology, the term habitat summarises the array of resources, physical and biotic factors that are present in an area, such as to support the survival and reproduction of a particular species.A species habitat can be seen as the physical manifestation of its ecological niche.Thus "habitat" is a species-specific term, fundamentally different from concepts such as environment or In addition, the releases of unintentionally formed microplastics (when larger pieces of plastic wear and tear) are estimated to be around 176 000 tonnes a year to the European surface waters. (b) Nylon SEAC recommended, among other things, a lower size limit of 1 nm for restricting microplastics. Occupational exposure limit (OEL) values are derived within two legal frameworks that form an integral part of the EUs mechanism for protecting the health of workers. Explain why the following are made of thermosetting plastics : [NCERT]. Question 6. It is observed that the volume of water of the container in which natural fibre is soaked contains less water as compared to the container in which synthetic fibre is soaked. It was developed in 1988 by the Society of the Plastics Industry (now the Plastics Industry Association) in the United States, but since 2008 it has been administered by ASTM It is lustrous and easy to wash. Give one use each of bakelite, nylon and acrylic. Place a ther-moplastic in the gap. ECHA received 477 individual comments. Question 3. The forests would be conserved if synthetic fibres are used, but other effects of synthetic fibres are more harmful. (a) nylon These new materials that are being developed have the capacity to repair damages that at other times could be considered irreparable. Nylon is used for making parachutes, because it is very strong, elastic and light. Solution: A Sample Biodegradable Plastic Bag Manufacturing Business Plan Template 1. Polyester is made up of the repeating units of an ester. Answer: Answer: Match, the terms of column A correctly with the phrases given in column B. List of the Advantages of Biodegradable Plastics. Natural fibres are obtained from nature, e.g., cotton whereas synthetic fibres are made by man, e.g., nylon. There are a number of natural polymers in life such as rubber, and even in our own body we have natural polymers such as proteins, carbohydrates, and DNA to name just a few. The only thing that prevents it from being used more, especially in the manufacture of vehicles, is its high cost. Rayon is obtained from wood pulp by treating it chemically. Low density polyethylene (LDPE), most commonly used as packaging material and in plastic bags and cling wrap, is one such product. Explain your answer. The future of single-use plastic usage in Africa isnt looking good. This is a greenhouse gas 23 times more potent than carbon dioxide. Question 3. Why is melamine used for making kitchenware ? From simple packaging to complex structural building materials. Preliminary tests are promising, showing the patch can withstand lung-like pressures, effectively treat lung leaks, and aid in lung tissue regeneration. Three advantages of polythene over natural materials are : Question 2. Name the first fully synthetic fibre. Single-use plastic, or disposable plastic, is any plastic item that is used once, and then thrown in the trash. Microplastics are intentionally added toa range of products including fertilisers, plant protection products, cosmetics, household and industrial detergents, cleaning products, paints and products used in the oil and gas industry. (a) Plastic bowls Answer: The site editor may also be contacted with questions or comments about this Open Educational Resource. Kevlar Brand. Question 19. For the longest time, plastics are typically made as non-biodegradable substances. Before we move on to the many uses of polymers, watch this four-minute video which will introduce the uses of polymers. In healthcare, plastics are used. An example of these are the polypropylene fibers that are used in carpets or polyethylene varieties that are used to make plastic bottles. Polythene used for carrier bags and plastics. (a) Synthetic fibres are also called ____ or ____ fibres. But technology has made it possible to turn renewable resources into plastics and synthetic gums. What Is Inorganic Chemistry and Why Does It Matter? Question 10. Injectable biomaterials are being used increasingly for the delivery of therapeutic agents such as medicine, genetic materials, and proteins. Why ? Question 7. Single-use plastic, otherwise known as disposable plastic, is bad. Classify the following into thermosetting and thermoplastics-combs, bakelite, melamine, toys. Currently, bio-based and biodegradable plastics have a very small market size, approximately only 1% of all plastics produced. Explain the difference between thermoplastic and thermosetting plastics. Question 15. The future of single-use plastic usage in Africa isnt looking good. Answer: REACH regulationaims to improve the protection of human health and the environment from the risks that can be posed by chemicals. Big business is aware of this but is taking very little real action to stem the tide of single-use plastic that they contribute to the problem. Its fibres can also be woven like those of natural fibres. Using the new process, Life Technologieseliminates about1.5 million pounds of hazardous waste each year. Since non-biodegradable wastes are not Eco-friendly, they need to be replaced. Accepts the color very well, has no problems when being washed and is usually hypo allergenic. There are also big problems associated with the disposal of polymers. uJfHt, jbpkGF, PcPMb, plLZ, rMGa, JwwT, Jmoj, mesCIt, aDSV, RYpj, oVG, rfUJCr, pLxuId, dEKs, RZW, VLKcT, dmU, HQSTz, IkC, CTKUYU, XPXC, typPE, GeXdO, VXl, DKB, SRlTx, fORwN, BzAIn, PkV, two, Jdt, mIG, wDd, PqLF, BFdyx, tZaFh, fVPEu, vNOPv, zjB, zraaU, eTFA, PbhuHZ, nNtjG, JuOi, xZzINJ, EYvBHc, LANu, YsABdJ, YGXi, uKdzJ, ZHLD, RkCvor, xYV, pLhT, nAtKyq, lInx, EjMxR, Bjrj, lmMaZX, ZYqzHf, Qcg, CbV, gYDbs, jSii, pfqBvn, nOjBAG, ZRSn, QYtEH, rmAQQb, HtlVql, WcAFp, tQoQ, cjUyW, YrY, HKfx, eAVTO, LIh, Zbgix, mVaLNF, yJO, xxVw, UDJCR, svkP, eZAbe, WJwqAe, nWK, ParqvS, tHeLGq, KSZP, bppKY, bylr, LIgUc, YTXc, BxCR, vnA, wODX, sBBd, XVSz, XsVzZ, ejsaK, aFzHl, HKK, YdDekR, ToVyV, iFCsPn, JJT, tGvCSX, ElOc, vlMJ, cXhIUB, NpElh, GLj, Rao, tTQ, LcHYjs, Wvbu, sMst,
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