[31] Cities around the world have discovered that not feeding their local birds results in a steady population decrease in only a few years. Even if they lose their habitat, they have good homing abilities and can return from many miles. Elimar Pigeons is a UK-based auction site that sells pigeons throughout the UK Have you got your Christmas sweater ready for this year? After approximately 30 days the squabs will learn to fly and become self sustaining. they have a whitish patch, known as a cere, on the ridge that connects their beak to their face.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,600],'animals_net-medrectangle-4','ezslot_3',121,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-animals_net-medrectangle-4-0'); Though widely seen as pests, these birds are actually quite interesting. 1 min read. [3][4][11][12][13][14], Feral pigeons are essentially the same size and shape as the original wild rock dove, but often display far greater variation in colour and pattern than their wild ancestors. Do not be mistaken, the idea that pigeons are flying rats full of disease is completely untrue. The active ingredient, nicarbazin, interferes with the viability of eggs by binding the ZP-3 sperm receptor site in the egg. Feed them properly with seeds, grains, or anything that includes in their diet. Of course, pigeons also need access to a water source so you may see them near lakes or rivers in urban areas and fountains in the cities. When they are young, they imprint their location as their natural place to live and always return there. One such structure, in Batman Park in Melbourne, Australia, was unsuccessful in attracting pigeons and has since been removed. Other color variations of "pigeons" are actually domesticated birds that have escaped and become feral. However, feral pigeons have a lifespan of only three to six years. Peregrine falcons, which are also originally cliff dwellers, have also adapted to the skyscrapers of large cities and often feed exclusively on rock doves. The female lays two eggs, and both parents incubate those eggs for 17 19 days. These birds can contract a number of diseases, including West Nile Virus and avian influenza, but they do not appear to be able to transmit it to other animals. Problems and health risks The presence of pigeons can result in a range of problems. [7], Owing to their abilities to create large amounts of excrement and be an occasional disease vector to humans combined with crop and property damage, pigeons are largely considered a nuisance and an invasive species, often being disparagingly referred to as 'rats with wings'. [38] Dummy egg nesting programs have therefore been tested in some cities with mixed results. Homing pigeons, also known as carrier pigeons, provided invaluable message transmission during a number of wars. [discuss], In the U.S., the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, which protects native birds, does not apply to feral pigeons, common starlings or house sparrows, because they are introduced species. We are a community of bird enthusiasts. However, in cities, they are seen eating popcorns, cakes, peanuts, butter, and almost everything that they find to eat. In many cities, people also feed feral pigeons, which attracts them to settle there. They use man-made spots to build their nests. We often see a flock of pigeons roaming around the city. Despite the success of feral pigeons, the Rock Dove has been declining throughout its global . The General Licence permits authorised persons to kill or take any of the following wild birds: Crow. Health risks from pigeons. Buildings are perfect nest sites for these exiles, mimicking the windswept cliffs used by their ancestors. Related Read: Do Pigeons Carry Diseases | Will they spread to humans? Usually, the mother pigeon lays two eggs per brood and the mother and father take turns incubating the eggs, with the mother taking care of them from midafternoon, through the night and into the mid-morning. Domesticate them in pairs or groups as they are highly social birds. Their wingspan is usually 60-68 cm. Their non-native range consists of the rest of Europe, other parts of Asia, southeast Australia, southern Africa, parts of South America, parts of Canada, and the entire United States and Mexico. Reviewed by : Expert Team of Ornithologists, Avian Veterinarians and Birders. However, feral pigeons have been reported on these islands with increasing frequency, so it might be that the distribution of wild Rock Doves in the UK continues to shrink as a result. The estimated global population of feral pigeons is between 165 to 330 million individuals. Wild pigeons are generally those found living in coastal areas, while feral pigeons are those living in urban areas, like the city you live in. How Many Species Of Flamingos Are There? Keep them safe from other pets and predators. Feral pigeons have the homing ability, however, that depends on the kind of the feral- the wild type, escaped homers, and the mixed breed. We created this website to help all bird lovers and anyone thinking of adopting or buying them as pets. The word 'dove' is of Norse origin and first appeared in the 14th century as 'dova' or . They are wild as they are feral so it might get hard for them to be domesticated again like their ancestors, especially if domesticating adult feral pigeons. Latin Name: Columba livia ('dove' or 'bird of leaden or blue-grey colour'). Build a large and safe aviary and make sure that it is easy to clean by lying down drain rocks. Common Names: Pigeon, dove, blue rock pigeon, rock dove, wild rock pigeon, rock pigeon, feral pigeon. Pigeons are very intelligent birds and can recognize themselves in the mirror, as well as being able to learn the alphabet. What are you going to feed the wild pigeons too? Despite common belief, pigeons are pretty clean animals and dont carry the diseases that many people think they do. Magpie. Commercial pigeon feed can be purchased, and vitamins can be added to the water source to provide any extra nutritional needs. Panoramas: taking 360 panoramic photographs, while standing at the center of the park, and using software to place a number above the counted pigeon in the panoramic photograph. Other color variations of pigeons are actually domesticated birds that have escaped and become feral. Unlike some other birds, feral pigeons do not migrate. We should appreciate their differences and treat them according to their needs. Bristol Zoological Society chose the birds most in need of conservation to take with them from the former site. Also, petting feral pigeons is an option from an ethical sense as more and more city pigeons need shelter and human support. This does not impact our reviews and recommendations. The content in this website may contain some ads and affiliate links. They behave as carriers for some diseases, however, only a few are transmitted to humans. Although, hand-reared wood pigeons are an exception. In the United States market, only 4-aminopyridine (Avitrol) and DRC-1339 remain registered by EPA. These birds are present in both Egyptian Hieroglyphics and Mesopotamian cuneiform tablets. Breeding peaks in summer and spring, but pigeons tend to breed year-round. Avian contraceptives are also perceived by civilians as an acceptable method for population control, over other methods such as prohibition to feeding or extermination.[37]. In New York City, the abundance of feral pigeons (and other small animals) has created such a conducive environment for predators that the red-tailed hawk has begun to return in very small numbers, including the notable Pale Male. Health risks from pigeons. With no season and no limits its the perfect game to cook up in the off season. Rock, domestic, and feral pigeons are all the same species and will readily interbreed. They feed on grains, garden wastes, crops in fields, or animal food. Feral Pigeons live in urban areas such as cities, towns, and smaller settlements in almost every continent except the very cold, Antarctica. As scavengers, pigeons will still pick at garbage bags containing discarded food or at leftovers carelessly dropped on the ground, but securely disposing of foodstuffs will greatly reduce scavenger populations. In cities they will consume virtually anything edible. Feral pigeons are scientifically named Columba livia, while commonly referred to as city doves, city pigeons, common pigeons, or street pigeons. Rock dove feeds generally in the morning and the afternoon on open grounds. The blue-barred pattern which the original wild rock dove displays is generally less common in more urban areas. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. Mass nesting is common in which dozens of eggs are laid together by feral pigeons. They are also referred to as Flying rats. Ergo, its necessary to control and maintain them. Contacting your local humane society or animal control officer is better than other methods, which can actually kill feral pigeons. If you keep pigeons as pets, you have a lot more control over what theyre eating. If youre in Trafalgar Square for a holiday and give a handful of sunflower seeds to pigeons, they will remember you even after years. Yes, both Feral and Wood pigeons are great at recognizing faces. Rook. Average eggs laid are 2 per season. They are mostly found in areas of human settlements. As mentioned above, humans pose the biggest threat to feral pigeons. [18], Many city squares have large pigeon populations, such as Washington Square Park in New York City, George Square in Glasgow, the Piazza San Marco in Venice, Dam Square in Amsterdam, The Gateway of India and Kabutarkhana in Mumbai and (prior to 2000) Trafalgar Square in London.[11]. They are already extinct in England. A flock of endangered and vulnerable birds have arrived at their new home in a new zoo location. Do feral pigeons eat other birds or worms? Read on to learn about the pigeon. Different Types: What Does A Baby Flamingo Look Like? Feral pigeons, one of the several species of pigeons, are abundant in urban areas throughout much of the world. Their eyes are usually bright orange, but may also be red or gold colored. Also, they carry all the diseases you would expect from vermin in their feces. Feral pigeons are an amazing choice if you want to pet them. It's no wonder that feral pigeons thrive in urban areas. All pigeons look the same at first but can actually we tell which pigeon is of what type? Abstract. In fact, the pigeons strutting the streets today are descendants of birds that were raised in dovecotes by human beings who found them very useful. Once the babies leave the nest, they start the cycle over again when they find their mate and raise their own hatchlings. The father takes over from mid-morning to midafternoon so the mother pigeon can rest and eat. In the nesting region, both the sexes are aggressive with intruders. [24][25][26] In London, the population of Great white pelicans at St. James's Park have also been recorded killing and consuming pigeons despite alternative food sources being available. The size of an adult feral pigeon ranges from 29 cm to 35 cm in length. They harbored 60 different pathogens, but only seven are transferable to humans. The perception for them may range from harmless birds to harmful pests. Removing these nesting sites reduces the reproduction of feral pigeons and encourages them to find a new home. Due to the negative relationship between humans and pigeons, many cities and organizations are using methods to control their populations or completely eradicate them. The male and female pigeon build the nest together, mate for life and remain monogamous to one another. Feral pigeons find the ledges of buildings to be a substitute for sea cliffs, have become adapted to urban life, and are abundant in towns and . pigeons work cooperatively on all aspects of reproduction and rearing, Pigeon Breeding Techniques | How to Breed Pigeons faster Detailed Guide. The weight of a feral pigeon may vary from 315 gm to 410 gm. No, they're not totally rabid birds, but there's a lot about feral pigeons that we don't yet know about. They have also been introduced to a wide number of regions. Many fancy pigeons and doves are very inexpensive, big and fat, and clean disease free. Habitat: if you spot a pigeon in popular city places, its most likely a Feral pigeon. Because these birds are relatively helpless, and quite susceptible to predation, they remain in flocks very frequently. To the best of my knowledge our only living native pigeon here in the U.S. is the band-tailed pigeon. Due to this, in cities with peregrine falcon programs it is typically illegal to poison pigeons. Their eyes are usually bright orange, but may also be red or gold colored. Flamingo vs Ostrich vs Emu | What Are The Differences And Similarities Between Them? Australian cities are also home to the introduced feral rock dove. This attracts pigeons from outside areas as well as encouraging more breeding, and populations are re-established quickly. The risk caused by feral pigeons is unquantifiable. Northern and Eastern parts of Europe and western Asia. Changed clothes dont fool them; on the contrary, if you shoo away them, pigeons remember that too! Learn how and when to remove this template message, American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22690066A86070297.en, "Science & Nature: Animals: Feral Pigeon", "Why study pigeons? [19] Despite this, feral pigeons usually reach their highest densities in the central portions of cities, so they are frequently encountered by people, which may lead to conflict. You may hear their husky cooing from far away. Feral pigeons, on the other hand, dont have this kind of access to food. They have some very intriguing behavior patterns and adaptations. Pigeons & People Wild or 'Feral' Pigeons Filters 1 2 3 61 Next The Misconceptions about Pigeons and Disease Skyeking Mar 8, 2008 0 36K Mar 8, 2008 by Skyeking To Release Or Not To Release? Originally, these rock pigeons were present in coastal and inland cliffs of northern Ethiopian regions as well as in Indian subcontinents. Nests, an untidy collection of twigs and straw, often built-in lofts, holes in walls, or bridges. Females typically lay two whitish eggs. There is a small chance of contracting a few fungal or bacterial infections from contact with pigeon feces, but these are highly uncommon. In several states in the US, there are laws regarding the protection of wild birds, including pigeons. There can be few more stirring sights than masses of pigeons swooping above our city streets, occasionally with peregrines in hot pursuit. Avoid birds with dull or damaged plumage, eye or nose discharge, and any signs of injury or lethargy. We give our fair and balanced opinion to ensure you get the best information for what you need. Results showed rock doves descended from the wild lineage from which all feral and domesticated pigeons come. Surely no self-respecting pigeon owner would adorn their chest with anything other than a gorgeous pigeon Christmas jumper. Some cities have deliberately established favorable nesting places for pigeonsnesting places that can easily be reached by city workers who regularly remove eggs, thereby limiting their reproductive success. [23] Some cities actively encourage this through falcon breeding programs. Originally native to Eurasia and northern Africa, the species was . They were the first domesticated birds that helped humans in numerous ways. The rock (i.e., 'wilderness'), the household, and the Feral pigeons are the same species. The interactions of feral pigeons with human life can be taken in many ways, depending on the personal cultural background. Wood pigeons are the most common type of pigeons and are the largest in number. [30] An additional problem with poisoning is that it also kills pigeon predators. They have had multiple origins, that is why they are demonstrably polyphyletic and are thus not a single infraspecific unit. The real eggs are then destroyed. Domesticating feral pigeons is possible as you can . These wild pigeons then gave rise to domesticated breeds through artificial selection. Feral pigeons mate for life, however extra pair mating does occur. They carry fleas and parasites like other vermin. Pigeons tend to move into open barns and abandoned buildings, under bridges, or any other architectural structures. Wood pigeons are a wild species, and woodies generally do not do well in captivity. Humans will retaliate by killing these birds, and they will be hit by cars, but they are not otherwise threatened by human activity.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,600],'animals_net-banner-1','ezslot_6',116,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-animals_net-banner-1-0'); Rock doves are the origin of domestic pigeons, and this process happened over the course of thousands of years. Pigeons in captivity, such as those you keep for pets, naturally live longer than feral pigeons because they are safe and well cared for in your home. Apart from this, he is also an Entrepreneur and a Traveller. The blue-barred pattern which the original wild rock dove displays is generally less common in more urban areas. This is because many cities take pigeon control measures since they see the birds as pests and take action to get rid of them. Abandoned buildings are the most preferred places for nesting. The estimated global population of feral . Skyeking Jun 20, 2005 1 41K Mar 1, 2008 by Skyeking Basic Steps to Saving the Life of a Pigeon or Dove * Providing Heat to Orphaned Birds Whitefeather The formerly wild and the formerly domestic birds would have been on their way to becoming feral. Larger birds of prey occasionally take advantage of this population as well. Estimating the population size of pigeons is necessary for monitoring and control programs of pigeons in parks and other urban areas. Decisions relating to the British List are published by the British Ornithologists' Union Records Committee (BOURC) in its annual reports in the BOU's journal Ibis. Feral pigeons are not distinct from rock pigeons but only evolved varieties of rock pigeons. Originally developed for use in resident Canada geese, nicarbazin was introduced for use as a contraceptive for feral pigeons in 2007. Yes, Feral pigeons droppings can spread many diseases like histoplasmosis. Do Pigeons Die After Mating? In general, feral pigeons typically build their nests on flat rooftops or along rocky coastlines. Feral pigeons are found in almost every city where they are seen as a nuisance. Even Dummy Egg Nesting projects are undertaken to control their population. In fact, these historical references are how we know that pigeons were domesticated at least 5,000 years ago! It would be harder to determine which birds were wild and which were feral in places like Europe where Columba livia IS native. Most humans view these birds as dirty pests, but in reality their capacity for spreading disease is actually quite low. If you are currently experiencing a feral pigeon problem in your home or business, give Pest Exterminators Essex a call on 01245 526726. The sparrowhawk may also hunt feral pigeons, though not to the same degree as the peregrine falcon. Pigeons actually make good very good pets, provided that you choose the domesticated kind. Often referred to as urban rats, they are mainly descendants of the domestic kind that returned to the wild. [27][28] In cities in Western Europe, European herring gulls may occasionally hunt and consume feral pigeons in addition to other birds and small mammals.[29]. Feral Pigeons generally walk or run while bobbing their heads. These domestic pigeons are descended from wild Rock Doves, who nest in sea caves and mountainous areas. Humans have such a large impact on this species that it is nearly impossible to know what their true original range was and if they were introduced into their native areas by human means. What to Do With an Injured Pigeon? Sooner, they becomepart of my family. Wild pigeons are further protected under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. Their nests are built in cliff faces as well as ledges and roofs of buildings. Taking care of the feral pigeon is as important as caring for any other animal and you can help by taking a stand for them. The food can be corn, oats, elm, barley, poison ivy, etc. Most experts caution against feeding feral pigeons because it encourages their population and isnt a healthy diet for them. Where, When, and How Many? It is illegal to kill/destroy nests for any reason other than those listed under the general licences. Baby pigeons are called squabs, and are fed crop milk that is produced by the parents. In 1998, in response to conservation groups and the public interest, the National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC), a USDA/APHIS laboratory in Fort Collins, Colorado, started work on nicarbazin, a promising compound for avian contraception. Keep your movements and voice slow around your feral pigeons. Feral pigeons are considered to create problems to human health, damage to buildings, unpleasant soiling, and foul smell. Feral pigeons have the homing ability, however, that depends on the kind of the feral- the wild type, escaped homers, and the mixed breed. Already extinct in England and Wales, the wild Rock Dove ( Columba livia) has been found on secluded Scottish and Irish islands, providing insights into how the domestic pigeon came to be. Top 5 Reasons [2022]. It is much easier to tame and domesticate younger feral pigeons. Many crowded towns are infested with pigeons, and they cause nuisance among pedestrians. 34% of the squares are selected randomly and pigeons are counted in a 5 meters radius for 5 minutes. Declared safe and humane, the new technology is environmentally benign[35] and does not represent a secondary toxicity hazard to raptors or scavengers. [17], In India, pigeons are protected under Section 428 and Section 429 of the Indian Penal Code. And technically, a "wild" pigeon in any place, i.e. The domestic pigeon was originally bred from the wild rock dove, which naturally inhabits sea-cliffs and mountains. While you may often see feral pigeons on the ground scavenging for food, they are quite fascinating fliers. King Pigeons are sometimes bought and released by well-meaning individuals who "save" them from live animal markets. They are often found in rural areas, so they are more prone to foxes. The rock pigeons are considered the ancestors of feral pigeons. link to Pigeons For Sale In London: 6 Places, link to 15 Of The Best Pigeon Christmas Jumpers, Pigeons also go by the names of rock dove, pet pigeon will typically live from 9-15 years, build their nests on flat rooftops or along rocky coastlines, its rare to see a hatchling or baby pigeon. Multiple origins of feral occurred numerous times over many decades in Europe and many parts of the world. There is also a possibility that they might leave if let out. Related Read: Can Birds Eat Chocolate | How Much Chocolates Can They Eat? Physical Appearance: Wood Pigeons have a pinker breast, darker rump, and black edges on the wings, while feral pigeons come in all shades, ranging from pale grey to cinnamon brown with glossy greenish, yellowish, and purple iridescence. This also stop nesting detritus from blocking up drains and gutters. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. they have a whitish patch, known as a cere, on the ridge that connects their beak to their face. Introduced and feral individuals can live in cliff settings, but have found a perfect niche in urban and city living. Hi, My Name is Kavi and Im a pet lover from childhood. This is why its rare to see a hatchling or baby pigeon. A Complete Guide in 2022, Why Do Pigeons Fight? Methods and Results: Cloacal swabs of feral pigeons collected in the city of Brno in 2006 were cultivated for antibioticresistant E. coli.Resistance genes, class 1 and 2 integrons, and gene cassettes were . How to Bathe a Pigeon | The Complete Guide, Pigeon Appreciation Day | A Tribute to The Peace Messenger, Why Do Pigeons Fly Into Windows? de la ciudad de Barcelona y valoracin de la efectividad del control por eliminacin de individuos", "Towards reliable bird surveys: accounting for individuals present but not detected", "An improved method to estimate pigeon populations in urban areas", Cornell Lab of Ornithology - Pigeon Colors, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feral_pigeon&oldid=1123675096, Articles with dead external links from December 2021, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with limited geographic scope from June 2015, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2019, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Both the sexes incubate the eggs. Opportunistic feeding is one of the keys to this birds success. Spend time near their aviary to introduce yourself. The use of poisons has been proven to be fairly ineffective, however, as pigeons can breed very quickly, and their numbers are determined by how much food is available; that is, they breed more often when more food is provided to them. They are a bit on the pickier side regarding food and habitat. Deserts are also inhabited by them if they get water from succulent plants. They thrive in forests such as rainforests and swamp forests. My love for birds started a decade back when a childhood friend of mine gifted me all his birds. They are larger than both feral and homing pigeons, and are pure white with pink beaks. Unfortunately, King Pigeons face certain death in the wild since they do not have proper flight or survival skills. This list of birds of Great Britain comprises all bird species that have been recorded in a wild state in Great Britain.It follows the official British List, maintained by the British Ornithologists' Union (BOU). Feral pigeons live a fascinating lifestyle and theres a lot to learn about them, whether youre just curious or you want to try keeping pigeons as pets. The peregrine falcon is the pigeons main natural predator because they make their home in many of the same places that pigeons do, especially rocky coastlines. A Complete Guide in 2022Why Do Pigeons Fight? Everything You Need To Know: Do Penguins Lay Eggs? The migration of feral pigeons, living in suburbs, will only occur if they detect very harsh weather approaching their area. Pigeons, also known as rock doves, rock pigeons, and common pigeons, are widespread birds commonly viewed as pests. Rock pigeons originated in Europe, North Africa, and Asia. The following are the habitats of feral pigeons: Feral pigeons love to live in cities where humans create buildings that they substitute as sea-cliffs. Chlamydophila psittaci and Cryptococcus neoformans are the most commonly transmitted pathogens to humans. Wild pigeons nest on cliff ledges or in caves, so feral pigeons seek their urban equivalents: building ledges, rafters, and niches beneath bridges and overpasses. Feral pigeons can also display white, brown or grey plumage. Feral pigeons (Columba livia domestica or Columba livia forma urbana), also called city doves, city pigeons, or street pigeons,[3][4] are descendants of domestic pigeons (Columba livia domestica) that have returned to the wild. Yes. Feral Pigeons Are Unhealthy One of the main reasons not to catch or have a wild pigeon as a pet is because it may have any of the common pigeon diseases. Always choose healthy birds and responsible breeders. Of course, there is some variation to this and not all pigeons look exactly the same. in feral pigeons (Columba livia forma domestica) in the Czech Republic. 80224-1), "OvoControl P", brand of nicarbazin, is increasingly used in urban areas and industrial sites to control pigeon populations. There are the features that distinguish them: Size: Feral pigeons are smaller in size than woodpigeons. Wild, non-domesticated pigeons are bluish-gray in color with two black bars on each wing and iridescent green and purple necks. These city pigeons do not migrate in a cold climate as they find warm areas for shelter. We often see them around gardens and trees. [33] This unique contraceptive action is non-hormonal and fully reversible. Feral pigeons adapt easily in different terrains, environments, and landscapes, they can make nests and thrive almost anywhere. Stratified grids: This method consists in dividing the area where pigeons occur in 500x500m squares. It barely seems Pigeonpedia is your hub for any and every pigeon-related question. The blue-barred pattern which the original wild rock dove displays is generally less common in more urban areas. They belong to the family Columbidae. Human interruption and predation affect the lifespan of feral pigeons. For the first four or five days after hatching, the parents feed their nestlings "pigeon milk". We may earn some commisions from qualifying purchases made through links on this website. In general, they eat mostly seeds, insects and sometimes worms. Photo: The Rose-crowned Fruit-Dove (24 cm) inhabits the rain-forests and mangroves of northern and north-east Australia. All photos used are royalty-free, and credits are included in the Alt tag of each image. Feral pigeons often only have small populations within cities relative to the number of humans. For example, the breeding population of feral pigeons in Sheffield, England in summer 2005 was estimated at 12,130 individuals (95% confidence interval 775718,970), in a city with a human population of about 500,000. When purchasing birds always inspect the housing conditions to ensure it is clean and birds look healthy. What Does Science Say?What to Do With an Injured Pigeon? Whether you love them or hate them, feral pigeons are basically everywhere in urban areas. In some cases, females who mate before they are a year old, only one egg is produced per brood, instead of the average two eggs. We bring you information to solve all your queries about birds, be it you are a pet owner or a birds whisperer, or a hardcore bird lover. Feral pigeons pose a sporadic risk to humans, the level of risk is too low, even to people who live in very close proximity with them. 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