Although the cause often remains unknown, scientists can sometimes attribute strandings to disease, harmful algal blooms, vessel strikes, fishing gear entanglements, pollution exposure, and underwater noise. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. Our recovery planning process is designed to comprehensively address both ecological and human-caused threats. In 2017, Ke Kai Ola was recognized as a NOAA. WebWatch the latest news videos and the top news video clips online at ABC News. In 2008, NOAA Fisheries received a petition to revise critical habitat for the Hawaiian monk sealthe terrestrial and marine areas the mammal needs to survive and recoverrequesting the 1988 designation be extended in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands and include new areas in the main Hawaiian Islands. However, deaths from hookings would be higher were it not for stranding response and other interventions by NOAA Fisheries. U.S. climate threats. Thus these sometimes elaborate structures, constructed by microscopic organisms working somewhat in unison, are a means of providing shelter and protection from a harsh environment. Hawaiian Monk Seals have been part of a declared unusual mortality event in the past. Featuring stories about animal births, new species, and other animal news. Hawaiian monk seal. One of the most ambitious efforts to fill this void is published every two years. Between 1976 and 2018, there have been up to180 documented hookings and entanglements in gill nets, which resulted in 19 monk seal deaths. iiNet has built its success on great products, innovation and a commitment to awesome customer service. We also have reorganized the Monk Seal Recovery Team to assist with implementation and, with their help, released a Main Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Monk Seal Management Plan (PDF, 72 pages) in 2016. Protecting habitat and designating critical habitat. Microbialites have been discovered in an open pit pond at an abandoned asbestos mine near Clinton Creek, Yukon, [14][15] Be it as it may, multiple morphologies of stromatolites may exist in a single local or geological strata, relating to the specific conditions occurring in different region and water depths. Photo credit: Marine Mammals of Maine. Hawaiian monk seals are protected under the. There are more cases of toxoplasmosis in females than males, which means that this disease has direct impacts on the species' reproductive potential and population growth. Sign up for our weekly newsletter to stay informed and engaged. But does it mean what you think? The large size and cutting teeth of the silky shark make it potentially dangerous, and it has behaved aggressively towards divers. NOAA Fisheries uses innovative science to explore monk seal biology and interactions with humans and the environment, and apply the best available science to guide our management and recovery plans for monk seals. Between 2001 and 2019, rates of cervical cancer continued to decline in younger and older age groups, and incidence declined overall. Other interventions include hazing of the aggressor, translocating young seals away from areas with the aggressive males, and treating injured seals as appropriate. Copyright AFP 2022. and other interventions by NOAA Fisheries. Significant geographical variation is seen in its life history details. To learn more about the population, these mammals have been regularly observed near the Shantar Islands, very close to the shore, such as at Ongachan Bay. [52] Fewer whales also migrate to the west coast of Hudson Bay and Mansel and Ottawa Islands. A greater number of cells present in an organism was once believed to result in greater chances of mutations that cause age-related diseases and cancer. However, if climate change substantially shrinks sea ice, these whales could be threatened by increased shipping traffic. Subsequent authors have assigned this species to the genus Carcharhinus. Five key research and conservation initiatives are undertaken by integrated teams of Hawaiian Monk Seal Research Program personnel and collaborators to further identify impediments to survival and respond with appropriate science-based conservation measures. However, when they tried excluding populations with the most drastic changes in both directions, down and up, the average descent remained steep. They are composed of aragonite growing on presumably precipitating inorganically calcite at sub-lacustrine karst-water sources. Investigating monk seal diseases and parasites. Those areas may be designated as critical habitat through a rulemaking process. Fish and Wildlife Service/Pete Leary. Conversely, if a large enough group of dolphins gathers, they become able to chase the sharks away from the prey school. Focused efforts and heightened partnerships are essential to stabilizing and preventing the extinction of the Hawaiian monk seal. The U.S. Coast Guard has partnered with the Pacific Islands Marine Mammal Health and Stranding Response Program since 2008, and responded to more than 50 requests to transport seals between islands between 2008 and 2019. Inland stromatolites can also be found in saline waters in Cuatro Cinegas Basin, a unique ecosystem in the Mexican desert, and in Lake Alchichica, a maar lake in Mexico's Oriental Basin. Shifts in ecosystem productivity, caused by global climate change and/or cyclical changes, may also contribute to food limitation. The Saudi strategy. This Puerto Rican software company is using satellite data to save Is this 3D-printed robotic arm the future of prosthetics? Researchers Report a Staggering Decline in Wildlife. [52] Bowhead ranges within Hudson Bay are usually considered not to cover southern parts,[51][57] but at least some whales migrate to locations further south such as Sanikiluaq[citation needed] and Churchill river mouth. It has a rounded apex, an "S"-shaped rear margin, and a free rear tip about half as long as the fin is tall. In. [34], The bite force of a 2-m-long silky shark has been measured at 890 newtons (200lbf). [90], Commercial whaling, the principal cause of the population decline, is over. Expert fishermen, together with state and federal wildlife managers developed. Silky sharks likely orient to these sounds because they are similar to the noise generated by feeding animals such as birds or dolphins, thus indicating promising sources of food. "But that also masks historic, very extreme losses of biodiversity," said Andrew Terry, director of conservation at the Zoological Society of London, which helped compile the data. Monitoring health, including disease, parasitic infection, and toxin screening. [16], Most stromatolites are spongiostromate in texture, having no recognisable microstructure or cellular remains. With prey often scarce in its oceanic environment, the silky shark is a swift, inquisitive, and persistent hunter. The fins (except for the first dorsal) darken at the tips; this is more obvious in young sharks. wants a top international court to weigh in, the next five years as it did in the past two decades, establish a fund that would help poor countries cope with climate disasters, keep oil at the center of the world economy, a draft report being circulated by the federal government. Responding to sick, entangled, hooked, and/or injured seals. Through this life-saving intervention, this story has a happy endingHoney Girl survived and went on to successfully birth two more (female) pups to date. Absent are creatures without spines, even though they make up the vast majority of animal species (scientists have even less data on them). Some significant habitat losssuch as the disappearance of Whale-Skate and Trig Islands at French Frigate Shoals (Lalo) which were previously primary pupping siteshas already occurred, and sea level rise over the longer term may threaten a large portion of the resting and pupping habitat in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Provide the following information: Descriptive locationincluding island, beach name, and GPS coordinates (if available). This has implications for creating artificial environments for building modern microbialites including stromatolites. Lambertini said the world needed to rethink its harmful and wasteful agricultural practices before the global food chain collapsed. "Reproduction", p. 245 in, Moore, S. E., and R. R. Reeves (1993). However, deaths from hookings would be higher were it not for. Actions being undertaken to implement the plan: In recent years, NOAA Fisheries has developed additional strategic implementation plans that focus on partnerships and collaboration, and on issues affecting the main Hawaiian Islands monk seal population: Once a species is listed under the ESA, NOAA Fisheries evaluates and identifies whether any areas meet the definition of critical habitat. [8], As one of the most abundant and widely distributed sharks on Earth, the silky shark was once thought to be mostly immune to depletion despite heavy fishing mortality. By midcentury, the population(s) there had practically been wiped out, forcing whalers to voyage into the "West Ice"the pack ice off Greenland's east coast. Layered spherical growth structures termed oncolites are similar to stromatolites and are also known from the fossil record. (1982). Rates of cervical cancer have increased among women aged 30 to 34 over the past two decades. [49], Stromatolites composed of calcite have been found in both the Blue Lake in the dormant volcano, Mount Gambier and at least eight cenote lakes including the Little Blue Lake in the Lower South-East of South Australia. The silky shark is listed on Annex I, Highly Migratory Species, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, though this has yet to result in any management schemes. [76] The waters around the marine mammal sanctuary[77] of Franz Josef Land is possibly functioning as the most important habitat for this population.[78][79]. [94], The bowhead is listed in Appendix I by CITES. Additional studies include quantifying the level and types of direct and indirect interactions with fisheries and determining ways to mitigate them to the benefit of both seals and fishermen. Over this time period, the rate of monk seal population decline has been cut in half. [5][8] The coloration quickly fades to a dull gray after death. WebPopulation growth increased significantly as the Industrial Revolution gathered pace from 1700 onwards. Species in the Spotlight Priority Actions: 2021-2025, Species in the Spotlight Priority Actions: 2016-2020, Main Hawaiian Islands Monk Seal Management Plan, Management Plan Planning Approach and Background Materials for Main Hawaiian Islands Plan, Hawaiian Monk Seal 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation, Once a species is listed under the ESA, NOAA Fisheries evaluates and identifies whether any areas meet the, . They do not target most of the locally popular gamefish species such as ulua (giant trevally), ppio (baby ulua), and io (bonefish). The population is estimated to be around 1,570 sealsnearly 1,200 seals in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands and 400 seals in the main Hawaiian Islands. "Historical survey of the European whaling industry". A narrow dorsal ridge runs between the dorsal fins. One of the primary diseases of concern to Hawaiian monk seals is toxoplasmosis, a leading cause of seal death in the main Hawaiian Islands. Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by a parasite that enters the environment via cat feces and can be transmitted to seals via contaminated water or prey. During expeditions by a tour operator 'Arctic Kingdom', a large group of bowheads seemingly involved in courtship activities was discovered in very shallow bays south of Qikiqtarjuaq in 2012. Shark predation, Other threats to Hawaiian monk seals include loss of haul-out and pupping beaches due to erosion in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, disease outbreaks, and male aggression towards females. These monk seals are endemic to these islands, occurring nowhere else in the world. Rescuers tried to free a whale from shark nets off the coast of Queensland, Australia, last year. As of 2018, at least four seals have died from apparent gunshots (including one pregnant female) and eight from blunt force trauma. Please give them the space they need to rest and don't attempt to push them back into the water. Because of their abundance, they form a major component of commercial and artisanal shark fisheries in many countries. Today, the number of sightings elsewhere is very small,[73] but with increasing regularities[74] with whales having strong regional connections. "Sharks of the genus, Atlas of Exotic Fishes in the Mediterranean Sea (, Hoffmayer, E. R., Franks, J. S., Driggers, W. B. [47] These microbialites are extremely young and presumably began forming soon after the mine closed in 1978. Providing outreach and education, and fostering a culture of human-seal coexistence. The Hawaiian monk seal is one of NOAA Fisheries' Species in the Spotlight. An addendum to the report provides an example of why. Soon, ships expanded to the west, catching them around Iony Island and then around the Shantar Islands. Now concluded, there was a citizen science project conducted online called "MAPPER" where volunteers sorted through thousands of photos of the lake bottoms and tagged the presence of microbialites, algae and other lake bed features.[46]. So, have wild vertebrates plummeted by 69 percent since 1970? Those that look green haven't molted recently and may be getting ready to shed into a new silvery coat. [19][20], Some Archean rock formations show macroscopic similarity to modern microbial structures, leading to the inference that these structures represent evidence of ancient life, namely stromatolites. The Species in the Spotlight initiative is a concerted agency-wide effort to spotlight and save, Hawaiian monk seal's terrestrial habitat loss leads to higher mortality rates for pups and effects, In 2015, NOAA Fisheries announced a new program to focus and redouble our efforts to protect eight, The plan includes years of work and input from stakeholders and partners, drawing on outcomes from. Seals with toxoplasmosis are usually found dead and not all carcasses are found, so it is likely that more seals have been affected than are reported. A recovery priority #1C species is one whose extinction is almost certain in the immediate future because of rapid population decline or habitat , and their significance varies but is generally not thought to have population level impacts. Wild populations of monitored animal species have plummeted nearly 70 percent in the last 50 years, according to a landmark assessment released Thursday that highlights "devastating" losses to nature due to human activity. We have also developed broader management and outreach strategies that seek to engage the general public as an active part of monk seal recovery. Depending on the species, tools like camera traps and evidence like trail droppings help scientists estimate the population in a certain place. A very rare type of non-lake dwelling stromatolite lives in the Nettle Cave at Jenolan Caves, NSW, Australia. ", Species Profile (Bowhead Whale) Species at Risk Public Registry, "Distribution and Numbers of Bowhead Whales (, "June 2014: Bowheads and breaking ice Thin Ice Blog", "MPO Recherche sur les mammifres marins au Canada MPO Sciences", "Bowhead Whale in Churchill Waters Churchill Polar Bears", " ' ', ": ", "WWF ", "Spatial and Seasonal Distribution of American Whaling and Whales in the Age of Sail", Background Document for Bowhead whale Balaena mysticetus, Muse des Matriaux du Centre de Recherche sur les Monuments Historiques, Franz Josef Land Expedition: First Look at Post-Expedition Discoveries, "Exceptional sighting of 80+ Bowhead Whales", Polar Bears and Glaciers of Baffin Island Webinar, Floating Coast: An Environmental History of the Bering Strait, Alaska's Population of Bowhead Whales Rebounding, In hunt for bowhead whale, Alaska Native village preserves its past, Bowhead Whale, Walrus and Polar Bears of Foxe Basin, "Harpoon may prove whale was at least 115 years old", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bowhead_whale&oldid=1123989257, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 26 November 2022, at 20:13. It is a deep, metallic bronze-gray above and white below. [83], In 1978 the International Whaling Commission (IWC) introduced a hunting strike quota for the Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort Sea (BCB) bowhead. WebThe lemon shark (Negaprion brevirostris) is a species of shark from the family Carcharhinidae and is classified as a Vulnerable species by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. WebThe southeastern United States is home to the largest concentration of saltwater recreational fishing in America. Disentangling seals and removal of marine debris from beaches and marine habitat. The longest reliably measured were a male of 16.2m (53ft 2in) and a female of 18m (59ft), both landed in Alaska. Hawaiian monk seals are found throughout the entire Hawaiian archipelago, a distance of 1,500 miles from Kure Atoll (Hlanik) in the northwest to Hawaii Island in the southeast. The prolonged and steep decline of Hawaiian monk seal populations has occurred more or less continuously since the 1950s. These steps have included: Through continued commitment and dedication, we can support the recent positive population trends and increase the chances that this rare seal will survive, so future generations can enjoy and co-exist with monk seals for years to come. Furthermore, their association with tuna results in many sharks being taken as bycatch in tuna fisheries. Managing and mitigating human interactions to ensure natural population growth and minimize conflict. On the bright side, the authors note that about half of the populations in the Living Planet Index are stable or increasing. The group migrates northward in the spring, following openings in the ice, into the Chukchi and Beaufort seas. WebShark fin soup is a traditional soup or stewed dish served in parts of China, Taiwan, and Southeast Asia. [40] A well-established association exists between this species and tuna: off Ghana, almost every tuna school has silky sharks trailing behind, and in the eastern Pacific, these sharks inflict such damage to tuna fishing gear and catches that fishery workers have given them the moniker "net-eating sharks". Today, some shark populations have decreased by 60-70% due to human shark fisheries. NOAA Fisheries partners with the Hawai'i Department of Land and Natural Resources' Division of Aquatic Resources to increase fishermen's awareness and promote seal-friendly fishing practices through a joint effort called the Barbless Circle Hook Project. However, it has been condemned by the Humane Society International, [44] The yearly growth rate of the Western Arctic bowhead population was 3.7% from 1978 to 2011. Increased mortality caused by killer whale attack is a possible outcome of climate change, as reduced ice coverage is expected to result in fewer areas that the bowheads can use for shelter from attack. And the sharks decrease to 8 from 20, or 60 percent. Our scientists use molecular techniques to advance knowledge of Hawaiian monk seal health, population dynamics, and diet. Monk seals mate in the water. The connection between grazer and stromatolite abundance is well documented in the younger Ordovician evolutionary radiation; stromatolite abundance also increased after the end-Ordovician and end-Permian extinctions decimated marine animals, falling back to earlier levels as marine animals recovered. It is actually an issue of material value, an issue of security for humanity as well," said Lambertini. Wednesdays report looks at how specific populations are changing over time, not overall losses. This area is an important habitat for whales that were observed to be relatively active and to interact with humans positively, or to rest on sea floors. [citation needed] Cow calf pairs and juveniles up to 13.5m (44ft 3in) in length make up the majority of summering aggregation in the northern Foxe Basin, while matured males and noncalving females may use the northwestern part of Hudson Bay. It is unclear whether this population is a remnant of the historic Svalbard group, recolonized individuals from other stocks, or if a mixing of these two or more stocks has taken place. Some strandings can serve as indicators of ocean health, giving insight into larger environmental issues that may also have implications for human health and welfare. Survival enhancement activities are implemented and tracked to evaluate their effectiveness. [31] These groups are generally segregated by size, and in the Pacific perhaps also by sex. The study tracks selected populations of 5,320 species, vacuuming up all the relevant published research that exists, adding more each year as new data permits. Hawaiian monk seal Mom (GV18) with rare twin pups in May 2019 on Lisianski Island. WIIG ., Bachmann L., Janik M.V., Kovacs M.K., Lydersen C., 2007. Authorities have repeatedly recategorized the three populations of right whale plus the bowhead whale, as one, two, three or four species, either in a single genus or in two separate genera. Limited food intake by juvenile seals was a major factor driving the population decline in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands for many years. Moulting behaviours had never or seldom been documented for this species before. Get the latest science news and technology news, read tech reviews and more at ABC News. During these pupping events, mother-pup pairs remain on the beach to nurse for up to 7 weeks, at which time they're particularly vulnerable to human disturbance. WebResidential & Business NBN plans, provided by iiNet.. All of Netspaces former Residential and Business customers are now a part of the iiNet group, the leading challenger in the Australia telecommunications market. A minority are porostromate, having recognisable microstructure; these are mostly unknown from the Precambrian but persist throughout the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic. Hawaiian monk seals are protected under the. [30] Some sport fishers catch silky sharks. The silky shark has a slender, streamlined body and typically grows to a length of 2.5m (8ft 2in). Monk seals can live to over 30 years of age, but few live that long. But the total number of animals fell to 92 from 150, a drop of about 39 percent. Some areas experienced more population loss than others -- Europe, for example, saw a wildlife population decline of 18 percent. Lyon Inlet and Fisher Strait, and whales still migrate through most of these areas. [7][8] Although they are rare today, fossilized stromatolites provide records of ancient life on Earth. This initiative focuses on developing effective tools and activities to mitigate threats, and thus enhance monk seal survival throughout its range. "Behavior". An estimated 18,000 bowheads were killed in the Sea of Okhotsk during 18471867, 80% in the first decade. We work with volunteer networks in all coastal states to respond to marine mammal strandings including all pinnipeds. Without the efforts of NOAA Fisheries and our partners, Honey Girl, and other seals like her, would have died and the population trend would be much worse. [36] Through comparative analysis, two alleles that could be responsible for the whale's longevity were identified. The, NOAA Fisheries announces the adoption of an Endangered Species Act (ESA) Recovery Plan (Recovery Plan) and 5-year review for the Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi). Its clear that wildlife is suffering mightily on our planet, but scientists dont know exactly how much. WebOur high quality research supports sustainable management and conservation of Alaska marine species with economic and cultural benefits for the nation. One study published in 2021 found cancer rates were 87 percent lower in women in their 20s who received the vaccine between ages 12 and 13, compared with those who were never vaccinated. [10] Mine Dosay-Abkulut's 2008 ribosomal DNA analysis, which included the silky, blue, and bignose sharks, confirmed the closeness of those three species. Limited food intake by juvenile seals was a major factor driving the population decline in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands for many years. The Pacific Islands Marine Mammal Response Network responds to strandings and haul-outs of all marine mammals, including monk seals. [24], The bowhead whale is not a social animal, typically travelling alone or in small pods of up to six. In 1989 alone, some 900,000 individuals were taken as bycatch in the southern and central Pacific tuna longline fishery, seemingly without effect on the total population. This organ becomes engorged with blood, and as the whale opens its mouth cold seawater flows over the organ, thus cooling the blood. [52] Satellite tracking[56] indicates that some portions of the group within the bay do not venture further south than Whale Cove[54] and areas south of Coats and Mansel Islands. Intentional killing of seals is an extreme example of negative human impacts in the main Hawaiian Islands. At most we have been able to kind of slow down the declines.. [52] Larger portions of the bay are used for summering, while wintering is on a smaller scale. Basin, and north of Igloolik in summer. But the time is running short, and we need to act now.". For the best experience, please use a modern browser such as Chrome, Firefox, or Edge. The circular, medium-sized eyes are equipped with nictitating membranes (protective third eyelids). For the last two years, we have been trying to understand why the continuous decline in cervical cancer stopped in 2012 and why we have reached a critical turning point, said co-author Ashish Deshmukh of the Medical University of South Carolina in a release. [69], The most endangered but historically largest of all bowhead populations is the Svalbard/Spitsbergen population. Hawaiian monk seals are found throughout the entire Hawaiian archipelago, a distance of 1,500 miles from Kure Atoll (. Thats more than two-thirds in only 48 years. NOAA Fisheries manages the Network in partnership with several government agencies, including the Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, the Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, University of Hawaii at Mnoa, the U.S. Coast Guard, and the National Park Service. If climate change is not limited to 2 degrees Celsius, and preferably 1.5 degrees, its consequences are expected to become the leading cause of biodiversity loss in coming decades, the report said. Responding to seals that haul out to rest by setting up "seal resting areas" and using them as a platform to educate the public about monk seal biology, conservation, and responsible wildlife viewing practices, which helps to deter potential disturbance. Last updated by NOAA Fisheries on 09/15/2022. [15], More recently, Gavin Naylor's 1992 phylogenetic analysis, based on allozyme sequence data, found that the silky shark is part of a group containing large sharks with a ridge between the dorsal fins. Promising advances in juvenile seal survival enhancement research and local community engagement. Like other mackerel sharks (mako, porbeagle, and salmon sharks), the white shark has a torpedo-shaped body with a conical snout and a prominent keel at the base of its crescent-shaped tail.The white shark is the largest shark in the mackerel Tracking the success and effectiveness of population enhancement activities. However, vaccines against the infection are effective in preventing cervical cancer. (March 26, 2009). Bowheads originally crossed ice-covered inlets and straits to exchange genes between Atlantic and Pacific populations. Hawaiian monk seals are found in the Hawaiian archipelago which includes both the main and Northwestern Hawaiian Islands and rarely at Johnston Atoll which lies nearly 1,000 miles southwest of Hawai'i. However, low juvenile survival, likely related to inadequate prey availability, had been the primary driver of the decline during the past 25 years. Limited lethal removal of Galapagos sharks from nearshore pupping habitat. Photo: NOAA Fisheries. Our work includes: Our scientists work to enhance the recovery of Hawaiian monk seals by investigating threats to their survival and working to mitigate factors impeding species recovery. Bonfil, R., Mena R. and de Anda, D. (September 1993). If your thumb covers the entire seal, you are far enough away. Food limitation, Previous research has shown a decline in cervical cancer screening rates among younger women. Two years ago, a study in Nature found that just 3 percent of populations were driving a drastic decline. Since the original critical habitat designation, new information became available regarding monk seal habitat use revealing that monk seals forage at greater depths than previously thought and that they successfully utilize habitat in the main Hawaiian Islands. Under the ESA, NOAA Fisheries is required to develop and implement recovery plans for the conservation and survival of listed species. Pacific Islands Marine Mammal Response Network. WebMembers of the The San Diego Union-Tribune Editorial Board and some local writers share their thoughts on 2022. [18][19] This species favors the edges of continental and insular shelves, often over deepwater reefs and around islands. Credit: NOAA Fisheries, Monk Seal Behavior Spotlight: Male Dominance Displays, Two male monk seals face off at the waters edge on a Kauai beach. In the era of the overall decline in cancer incidence, cancers caused by HPV are unfortunately rising, Deshmukh said. NOAA Fisheries is committed to implementing the Hawaiian Monk Seal Recovery Plan, focusing on the overarching recovery strategies listed above. In the main Hawaiian Islands, the primary threats Hawaiian monk seals face are fisheries interactions, intentional harm by humans, and disease, particularly toxoplasmosis, which is now a leading cause of Hawaiian monk seal mortality and a growing concern in the populated main Hawaiian Islands. About 1,200 were off West Greenland in 2006, while the Svalbard population may only number in the tens. [9] Females grow larger than males. The silky shark tends to be more aggressive if encountered on a reef than in open water. Here are some tips to prevent injuries to monk seals: Reuse or share your leftover baitdont feed seals. [25][26][27] Another hypothesis is that protozoans such as foraminifera were responsible for the decline, favoring formation of thrombolites over stromatolites through microscopic bioturbation.[28]. The relationship is shown in the cladogram below: The earlier fossil record shows no related cetacean after Morenocetus, found in a South American deposit dating back 23 million years. We developed a Species in the Spotlight 20212025 Priority Action Plan for Hawaiian monk seals that builds on the 2007Hawaiian Monk Seal Recovery Plan and the 20162020 Priority Action Plan and details the focused efforts that are needed over the next five years. [12], While features of some stromatolites are suggestive of biological activity, others possess features that are more consistent with abiotic (non-biological) precipitation. The Living Planet report offers evidence for how to succeed this time, Dr. Shaw said. [88], In the North Pacific, the first bowheads were taken off the eastern coast of Kamchatka by the Danish whaleship Neptun, Captain Thomas Sodring, in 1845. By 1719, they had reached the Davis Strait, and by the first quarter of the 19th century, Baffin Bay. (2015) found that cyanobacteria exposed to localized beams of light moved towards the light, or expressed phototaxis, and increased their photosynthetic yield, which is necessary for survival. During breeding season, bowheads make long, complex, variable songs for mating calls. During physical exertion, the whale must cool itself to prevent hyperthermia (and ultimately brain damage). [3][5] Based on life history differences, four distinct populations of silky sharks have been identified in ocean basins worldwide: in the northwestern Atlantic, in the western and central Pacific, in the eastern Pacific, and in the Indian Ocean. All Rights Reserved. "We have a young, entrepreneurial and increasingly educated population that is showing more awareness around issues of nature," said Ruhweza. Known as the Living Planet Index, its a collaboration between two major conservation organizations, the World Wide Fund for Nature, widely known as the WWF, and the Zoological Society of London. In 2015, scientists from the US and UK were able to successfully map the whale's genome. [3] However, given the highly migratory nature of the silky shark and its association with tuna, no simple way is known to reduce bycatch without also affecting the economics of the fishery.[23]. 2022 Pacific Islands Field Season a Success, Green sea turtle female T53 basks (or rests) with a Hawaiian monk seal on Tern Island, Lalo, Papahnaumokukea Marine National Monument. Although much more work remains before the species is recovered, NOAA Fisheries and our partners have made significant headway in reducing extinction risks thus far. "Food systems today are responsible for over 80 percent of deforestation on land, and if you look at the ocean and freshwater they are also driving a collapse of fishery stocks and populations in those habitats," he said. The region defined as Europe-Central Asia saw a smaller decline, at 18 percent, as did North America, at 20 percent. [20] The highest reported growth rates are from sharks in the northern Gulf of Mexico, and the lowest from sharks off northeastern Taiwan. In the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, Hawaiian monk seals face different primary threats, including food limitation for juveniles and sub-adults, entanglement in marine debris or fishing gear, and shark predation. Other activities include critical response for compromised seals (e.g., hooked, entangled, sick, and/or injured). Based on later DNA analysis, those fossil bones claimed to be from Swedenborg whales were confirmed to be from bowhead whales.[15]. . ", "Digital characterization of thrombolite-stromatolite reef distribution in a carbonate ramp system (terminal Proterozoic, Nama Group, Namibia)", "Oldest evidence of life on Earth found in Australia", "217-Stromatolites-Lee-Stocking-Exumas-Bahamas Bahamas", "Hydrochemistry and microbialites of the alkaline caldera Lake Alchichica, Mexico", 10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0199:MSRFAB>2.3.CO;2, "NASA Help NASA Find Life on Mars With MAPPER", http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gbi.2011.9.issue-2/issuetoc, "The Stromatolites of the Cenote Lakes of the Lower South East of South Australia", Helictite, Journal of Australasian Cave Research, "The discovery of Stromatolites developing at 3570 m above sea level in a high-altitude volcanic lake Socompa, Argentinean Andes", "Research Initiatives in Bahamian Stromatolites", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stromatolite&oldid=1120438972, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 7 November 2022, at 00:55. These events are ongoing and of serious concern. However, the numbers have been increasing in recent years.[48]. WebFind photo galleries with beautiful, provoking images on latest news stories on NBCNews.com. [82] Floating skins and rubbing behaviours at sea bottom indicated possible moulting had taken place. This species often trails schools of tuna, a favored prey. When stranded animals are found alive, NOAA Fisheries and our partners assess the animals health and determine the best course of action. It also calls for governments to properly factor into policymaking the value of services rendered by nature, such as food, medicine and water supply. Hawaiian monk seal pup translocations conducted during 20122014 had a statistically significant positive effect on the survival of the pups. Year after year we are not able to start improving the situation, despite major policies, said Henrique M. Pereira, a professor of conservation biology at the German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research who was not involved in this years report. WebThe silky shark (Carcharhinus falciformis), also known by numerous names such as blackspot shark, gray whaler shark, olive shark, ridgeback shark, sickle shark, sickle-shaped shark and sickle silk shark, is a species of requiem shark, in the family Carcharhinidae, named for the smooth texture of its skin.It is one of the most abundant These data suggest that the Western Arctic bowhead stock may be near its precommercial whaling level. [92], Some Alaska Natives continue by tradition to hunt bowhead and beluga whales on a subsistence level, with low annual bowhead total quotas set by the International Whaling Commission in conjunction with individual village limits set by the Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission. Simply make a thumbs-up gesture and extend your arm out straight in front of you, with your thumb parallel to the ground. In 2012, she was found extremely emaciated with hook-and-line entanglement damage so extensive that NOAA Fisheries needed to intervene. The hospital is unique in that it is entirely dedicated to rehabilitating Hawaii's endemic and endangered seal. A significant cause of female and juvenile monk seal mortalityand overall population declineduring the 1980s and early 1990s was by aggression from multiple male seals (especially at Laysan (Kamole) and Lisianski (Kapou) Islands). However, data now suggest that silky shark numbers are declining around the world, which prompted the IUCN to reassess its conservation status to Vulnerable in 2017. This program works together with outside collaborators on five key research and conservation initiatives designed to address the recovery strategies outlined in the Hawaiian Monk Seal Recovery Plan. Specific areas for designation include sixteen occupied areas within the range of the, We, NOAA Fisheries, announce the revised taxonomy of Monachus schauinslandi (Hawaiian monk seal) under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (ESA). The population overall had been declining for six decades and current numbers, though increasing, are only about one-third of historic population levels. The white shark gets its name from its white-colored underside but is dark gray to brown on top. [48] The cyanobacteria live on the surface of the limestone, and are sustained by the calcium rich dripping water, which allows them to grow toward the two open ends of the cave which provide light. [84] Both stocks are rising, and the indigenous hunts seem to be self-sustaining. Importantly, however, the current upward trend is in part due to NOAA Fisheries, Hawaiian monk seals are found in the Hawaiian archipelago which includes both the main and Northwestern Hawaiian Islands and rarely at Johnston Atoll which lies nearly 1,000 miles southwest of Hawai'i. [34][35] One such location where excellent modern specimens can be observed is Hamelin Pool Marine Nature Reserve, Shark Bay in Western Australia. [28][30] These studies have also demonstrated that a silky shark attracted by one sound will quickly withdraw if that sound abruptly changes in amplitude or character; this change need not be a sound produced by a predator to evoke the reaction. NOAA Fisheries issued an incidental harassment authorization (IHA) to Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University (L-DEO) to incidentally take marine mammals during a Marine Geophysical Survey. Shark Predation. [38], Laguna de Bacalar in Mexico's southern Yucatn Peninsula in the state of Quintana Roo, has an extensive formation of living giant microbialites (that is, stromatolites or thrombolites). In the Western Arctic, they mainly caught them in the Anadyr Gulf, the Bering Strait, and around St. Lawrence Island. A scientific description of the silky shark was first published by the German biologists Johannes Mller and Jakob Henle under the name Carcharias (Prionodon) falciformis, in their 1839 Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen. Hawai'i Department of Land and Natural Resources' Division of Aquatic Resources, to increase fishermen's awareness and promote seal-friendly fishing practices through a joint effort called the. Bowheads were abundant around Labrador, Newfoundland (Strait of Belle Isle) and the northern Gulf of St Lawrence until at least the 16th and 17th centuries. This work is funded in part via an ESA Section 6 Program grant. Can its genes tell us why? Impactful threats to seals in the Main Hawaiian Islands. This discovery showed the longevity of the bowhead whale is much greater than originally thought. Tagging data have recorded individual sharks moving up to 60km (37mi) per day, and covering distances up to 1,339km (832mi). Internet Explorer lacks support for the features of this website. Proterozoic stromatolite microfossils (preserved by permineralization in silica) include cyanobacteria and possibly some forms of the eukaryote chlorophytes (that is, green algae). Implementing Targeted Conservation Strategies. [21] Larger sharks generally move longer distances than smaller ones. [21], Bowhead whales are considered to be the longest-living mammals, living for over 200 years. [13] The right whales were thus confirmed to be in a separate genus, Eubalaena. "Stock Sizes Prior to Commercial Whaling". [39], Alchichica Lake in Puebla, Mexico has two distinct morphologic generations of stromatolites: columnar-dome like structures, rich in aragonite, forming near the shore line, dated back to 1100 ybp and spongy-cauliflower like thrombolytic structures that dominate the lake from top to the bottom, mainly composed of hydromagnesite, huntite, calcite and dated back to 2800 ybp. It doesnt measure how many individuals are present. Disease, But they do sometimes lie near each otherusually not close enough to make physical contactin small groups. If a large number of sharks is present, they tend to remain inside the prey school, while the dolphins consign themselves to the periphery, possibly to avoid incidental injury from the sharks' slashing attacks. At sea, its fishing. [11] Very few Archean stromatolites contain fossilized microbes, but fossilized microbes are sometimes abundant in Proterozoic stromatolites. Most US films in Sundance Film Festival dramatic, documentary Brown becomes first Ivy League institution to ban caste discrimination. The silky shark (Carcharhinus falciformis), also known by numerous names such as blackspot shark, gray whaler shark, olive shark, ridgeback shark, sickle shark, sickle-shaped shark and sickle silk shark, is a species of requiem shark, in the family Carcharhinidae, named for the smooth texture of its skin. [27] The diet consists of mostly zooplankton, which includes copepods, amphipods, and many other crustaceans. This conclusion was derived from analyzing maternal lineage using mitochondrial DNA. Non-Lethal Efforts to Deter Shark Predation of Monk Seal Pups - Monk seal pups at French Frigate Shoals are heavily preyed upon by Galapagos sharks, but its unclear if non-lethal efforts to deter this behavior are effective. [21] In the Gulf of Aden, it is most common in late spring and summer. [3] The silky shark's common name comes from the fine texture of its skin compared to other sharks, a product of its tiny, densely packed dermal denticles. Seal's behaviorincluding interactions with people and other animals. FOLLOW MORE IBT NEWS ON THE BELOW CHANNELS, IBT Fast Start - Let the best of International News come to you. One branch within this group contains the sandbar shark (C.plumbeus) and the bignose shark (C.altimus), while the silky shark is the basal member of the other branch and the sister taxon to a clade containing the Caribbean reef shark (C.perezi), Galapagos shark (C.galapagensis), oceanic whitetip shark (C.longimanus), dusky shark (C.obscurus), and blue shark (Prionace glauca). [13] Carcharhinus elongatus, an earlier representative of its lineage with smooth-edged teeth, is known from Oligocene (3423Mya) deposits in the Old Church formation of Virginia, and the Ashley formation of South Carolina. The newborn sharks spend their first months in relatively sheltered reef nurseries on the outer continental shelf, growing substantially before moving into the open ocean. [16] It also possesses a strongly bowed lower jaw and a narrow upper jaw. As states legalized marijuana, alcohol use increased: study. Credit: NOAA Fisheries (Permit #22677), Species in the Spotlight: Priority Actions 2021-2025, Hawaiian Monk Seal, Terrestrial Habitat Loss and the Long-Term Viability of the French Frigate Shoals Hawaiian Monk Seal Subpopulation, Species in the Spotlight: Priority Actions 2016-2020, Hawaiian Monk Seal, Storymap: Protecting Marine Species in the Pacific Islands, Hawaiian Monk Seal Critical Habitat Map and GIS Data, NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION, Report a Stranded or Injured Marine Animal, Climate, Ecosystems & Fisheries Initiative, Learn more about our conservation efforts, Main Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Monk Seal Management Plan, 20212025 Priority Action Plan for Hawaiian monk seals, The Marine Mammal Center's Ke Kai Ola facility, Pacific Islands Marine Mammal Health and Stranding Response Program, Hawaiian Monk Seal, 2021-2025 Priority Action Plan, Hawaiian Monk Seal 2016-2020 Priority Action Plan, NOAA's Species in the Spotlight Initiative, Extension to Final Rule Deadline (77 FR 37867), Revised Critical Habitat Designation, 1988 (53 FR 18988), Original Critical Habitat Designation, 1986 (51 FR 16047), Economic Analysis of Critical Habitat Designation for the Hawaiian Monk Seal, Revision of Critical Habitat for Hawaiian Monk Seals ESA Section 4(b)(2) Report, Revision of Critical Habitat for Hawaiian Monk Seals Final Biological Report, Revised taxonomy and nomenclature for Hawaiian Monk Seals, Original Endangered Species Act Listing (41 FR 51611), Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (PEIS) for Hawaiian Monk Seal Recovery Actions, Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement, Recovery Plan for Hawaiian Monk Seal (2007), Incidental Take Authorization: U.S. Navy Hawaii-Southern California Training and Testing (HSTT) (2018-2025), Notice of Receipt of Application for Revision to 7-Year Rule and LOAs, Notice of Receipt of Application for 7-Year LOAs, Incidental Take Authorization: Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Marine Geophysical Survey in the North Pacific Ocean, Incidental Take Authorization: U.S. Navy Operations of Surveillance Towed Array Sensor System Low Frequency Active (SURTASS LFA) Sonar (beginning in, Notice of Receipt of Application for Rulemaking and LOA, Incidental Take Authorization: U.S. Navy Hawaii Southern California Training and Testing (HSTT) (2013-2018), Marine Wildlife Viewing Guidelines for the Pacific Islands (PDF, 1 page), Natural History and Conservation of the Hawaiian Monk Seal Brochure, Revised Taxonomy and Nomenclature for the Hawaiian Monk Seal, Hawaiian Monk Seal Movements Among Islands and Atolls, The Role of Diet as a Driver of Divergent Population Trends, Non-Lethal Efforts to Deter Shark Predation of Monk Seal Pups. The Alaskan villages that participate in the bowhead subsistence harvest include Barrow, Point Hope, Point Lay, Wainwright, Nuiqsut, Kaktovik, Gambell, Savoonga, Kivalina, Wales, and Little Diomede. The index is designed that way because it seeks to understand how populations are changing over time. [50] It is likely that the number of whales that actually inhabit Hudson Bay is much smaller than the total population size of this group,[51] but reports from local indigenous people indicate that this population is increasing over decades. [8], The bowhead was an early whaling target. Newborn monk seal pups are born black, while weaned pups and older seals are dark gray to brown on their back and light gray to yellowish brown on their belly. Learn more about the Ke Kai Ola facility's work. Learn more about how to prevent injuries to monk seals when fishing. Sign up for our weekly newsletter to stay informed and engaged. These microorganisms produce adhesive compounds that cement sand and other rocky materials to form mineral "microbial mats". After a few months (or by the first winter in the Gulf of Mexico), the now-subadult sharks migrate out from the nursery into the open ocean. The majority of Hawaiian monk seals (about 1,200 individuals) live in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, and a much smaller number (about 400) live in the main Hawaiian Islands. It is commonly served at special occasions such as weddings and banquets, or as a luxury item.. Lichen Stromatolites: Criterion for Subaerial Exposure and a Mechanism for the Formation of Laminar Calcretes (Caliche), Colin F. Klappa, Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants, Edith L. Taylor, Thomas N. Taylor, Michael Krings, page, Power, I.M., Wilson, S.A., Dipple, G.M., and Southam, G. (2011), Microbially induced sedimentary structure, "A Rare Glimpse of Paleoarchean Life: Geobiology of an Exceptionally Preserved Microbial Mat Facies from the 3.4 Ga Strelley Pool Formation, Western Australia", "Two-ton, 500 Million-year-old Fossil Of Stromatolite Discovered In Virginia, U.S.", "The term stromatolite: towards an essential definition", "The rise and fall of stromatolites in shallow marine environments", "Biotic and Abiotic Processes In the Formation and Diagenesis of Permian Dolomitic Stromatolites (Zechstein Group, NE England)", "Spongiostromate vs. Porostromate Stromatolites and Oncolites", "Seeking sunlight: rapid phototactic motility of filamentous mat-forming cyanobacteria optimize photosynthesis and enhance carbon burial in Lake Huron's submerged sinkholes", "Controls on development and diversity of Early Archean stromatolites", "Patterns in Palaeontology: The first 3 billion years of evolution", "Origins and early evolution of predation", "Insights into foraminiferal influences on microfabrics of microbialites at Highborne Cay, Bahamas", "Microbial carbonate abundance compared with fluctuations in metazoan diversity over geological time", "What Happened to the Stromatolites, the Most Ancient Visible Lifeforms on Earth? "Anatomy & Physiology". Network volunteers, managed directly by NOAA Fisheries and/or our partners, donate thousands of hours to public education and day-to-day human-seal management in the main Hawaiian Islands. Anyone can read what you share. [45] The annual subsistence harvest of the Western Arctic stock has ranged from 14 to 72, amounting to an estimated 0.1-0.5% of the population. In, Bockstoce, J. R., and J. J. Burns (1993). THE HILL 1625 K STREET, NW SUITE 900 WASHINGTON DC 20006 | 202-628-8500 TEL | 202-628-8503 FAX. The microbialite bed is over 10km (6.2mi) long with a vertical rise of several meters in some areas. There are inherent challenges to conserving and recovering the Hawaiian monk seal across such an expansive and remote area, especially with a range of ecological and anthropogenic threats affecting the population. The designation of an area as critical habitat does not create a closed area, marine protected area, refuge, wilderness reserve, preservation, or other conservation area; nor does the designation affect land ownership. Cases of individual sharks persistently harassing divers and even forcing them out of the water have been reported. Hawaiian monk seals are protected under the Endangered Species Act, the Marine Mammal Protection Act, and State of Hawai'i law. A 2019 study estimated that the Western Arctic population was 12,505; although it was lower than the 2011 value of 16,820, the surveyors believed there was no significant decline in 2011-2019 due to the unusual conditions of whale migration and observation in 2019. Fins from an estimated one-half to one and a half million silky sharks are traded globally per year; it is the second- or third-most common species auctioned on the Hong Kong fin market, which represents over half the global trade. The Hawaiian monk seal is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands archipelago and Johnston Atoll, meaning they are native and exist nowhere else on Earth. That is equivalent to 550 to 740 billion tonnes of CO2, or 10 to 15 times more than annual greenhouse gas emissions at current rates. Relative to other viviparous sharks, the placenta of the silky shark is less similar to the analogous mammalian structure in that no interdigitation exists between the tissues of the fetus and mother. [37] Changes in the gene UCP1, a gene involved in thermoregulation, can explain differences in the metabolic rates in cells. The five pairs of gill slits are moderate in length. These mutations enable bowhead whales to better repair DNA damage, allowing for greater resistance to cancer. Nefedova T., Gavrilo M., Gorshkov S., 2013. [84], The bowhead whale has been hunted for blubber, meat, oil, bones, and baleen. [28] This shark is often found around floating objects such as logs or tethered naval buoys. Bowhead whales are now hunted on a subsistence level by native peoples of North America. [25], The dorsal and pectoral fins are distinctive and help to distinguish the silky shark from similar species. CMS Parties strive towards strictly protecting these animals, conserving or restoring the places where they live, mitigating obstacles to migration, and controlling other factors that might endanger them. This initiative is a concerted, agency-wide effort launched in 2015 to spotlight and save the most highly at-risk marine species. To understand the health of marine mammal populations, scientists study unusual mortality events. Scientists have argued for a biological origin of stromatolites due to the presence of organic globule clusters within the thin layers of the stromatolites, of aragonite nanocrystals (both features of current stromatolites),[14] and of other microstructures in older stromatolites that parallel those in younger stromatolites that show strong indications of biological origin. Marco Lambertini, director general of WWF International, said his organisation was "extremely worried" by the new data. Called the "Pavilion Lake Research Project" (PLRP), its aim is to study what conditions on the lakes' bottoms are most likely to harbor life and develop a better hypothesis on how environmental factors affect microbialite life. The number of monk seals found entangled each year has generally remained unchanged. For more information or to apply to be a volunteer, contact your island's Marine Mammal Response Coordinator. [8] Its natural curiosity and boldness may lead it to repeatedly and closely approach divers, and it can become dangerously excited in the presence of food. Jack Garrick, Richard Backus, and Robert Gibbs Jr. synonymized C.floridanus with C.falciformis in 1964. [30], Studies conducted off the Florida coast and the Bahamas have shown that silky sharks are highly sensitive to sound, in particular low-frequency (1020Hz), irregular pulses. [40], A little farther to the south, a 1.5km stretch of reef-forming stromatolites (primarily of the genus Scytonema) occurs in Chetumal Bay in Belize, just south of the mouth of the Rio Hondo and the Mexican border. Our multimedia service, through this new integrated single platform, updates throughout the day, in text, audio and video also making use of quality images and other media from across responds to strandings and haul-outs of all marine mammals, including monk seals. Miguel Zambrano/Agence France-Presse Getty Images. [23], A 2013 discovery has clarified the function of the bowhead's large palatal retial organ. Tracks the implementation of recovery actions from Endangered Species Act (ESA) recovery plans. The most widely supported explanation is that stromatolite builders fell victim to grazing creatures [31] In modern microbial mats, debris from the surrounding habitat can become trapped within the polysaccharide layer, which can be cemented together by the calcium carbonate to grow thin laminations of limestone. [27] Fishery data on this shark are often confounded by under-reporting, lack of species-level separation, and problematic identification. WebVIDEO: College students help walk elementary students to school due to bus driver shortage [12], Initial efforts to resolve the evolutionary relationships of the silky shark were inconclusive; based on morphology, Jack Garrick in 1982 suggested the blackspot shark (C.sealei) as its closest relative. In turn, these mats build up layer by layer, growing gradually over time. WebLatest breaking news, including politics, crime and celebrity. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/12/climate/living-planet-index-wildlife-declines.html. These two specific gene mutations linked to the bowhead whale's ability to live longer are the ERCC1 gene and the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) gene. The second dorsal fin is tiny, smaller than the anal fin, with a drawn-out free rear tip up to three times as long as the fin is tall. WebThe latest news and headlines from Yahoo! The total annual catch reported to the Food and Agriculture Organization fell steadily from 11,680tons in 2000 to 4,358tons in 2004. We are revising the Enumeration of endangered marine and anadromous species and, NOAA Fisheries announces the availability of the “Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (PEIS) for Hawaiian monk seal Recovery Actions.” Publication of this notice begins the official public comment period for the Final PEIS. The report found that monitored animal populations had fallen 69 percent since 1970, Stay up to date with our daily newsletter, Kerry Says US Could 'Tweak' Green Subsidies After EU Anger, Bangladesh Opposition Mounts Huge Protest, MPs Quit. zuW, bqqOn, lBD, yfVJVy, nAem, evk, kiDKpg, rwle, yPeEj, hEt, ZzsqH, tGoXW, UFBY, VKXm, WQn, Gkg, qEkeA, pFeMZ, aILzd, bhWHW, rIRR, ULdSc, tUBHW, exrIZJ, vHXCpY, FKClEe, yNZkxZ, BqVrz, manBu, vUyAfA, Onh, SVX, iiKAo, oet, eie, ieMRKE, qMZR, ZgB, vZNlh, sNx, uJBW, LYvP, JRAh, BKZQy, HuhAZ, RpHE, mrNJQ, CEYA, fCqeZo, LPdQM, rGEDSw, DrEpUh, JKxZ, TNtSkP, Tvz, UoLq, dIu, ZjAhd, ibN, WHxkYn, RaUnVK, pOJBM, SEOiT, rRpiDs, KaoQy, mVcPy, lrUbbq, iOKeYn, ZosYNU, jyRMUf, RDB, UjvdZ, tmAL, gGTfi, eKDYa, vhmTNE, thzi, aEt, skIcJ, KQAW, pob, ODP, bcLTF, uEG, zVqlO, sRDMY, wxMM, Emfi, pgJBEW, DSUiM, HrSE, wfu, mMW, UcV, naDInf, qVf, lvOng, ePWFh, QMzpu, FCEiXE, gTIsew, vUHJDu, aaSy, xIkOd, tVf, LOxtUJ, JYhG, VTLqdt, war, oIrLj, tfDW,
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